Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hormones?

Accepted Answer

They exert their effects at very high concentrations.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of excessive thirst, frequent urination, and high blood glucose after fasting. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is the likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the synthesis and release of peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Synthesized as preprohormones, processed to prohormones, and stored in vesicles until release

Question 4

Steroid hormones differ from peptide hormones in that steroid hormones:

Accepted Answer

Are synthesized from cholesterol and bind to intracellular receptors to alter gene expression

Question 5

Which of the following equations best represents the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus using fasting blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$Fasting\ Blood\ Glucose \u003e 125\ mg/dL$$

Question 6

A researcher removes the adrenal cortex from an animal and observes a loss of a specific hormone. Which hormone is most likely affected, and what is the precursor molecule?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; Cholesterol

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why peptide hormones have a relatively short half-life in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They are rapidly degraded by enzymes in the plasma.

Question 8

Which hormone interaction is described when one hormone allows another to exert its full effect?

Accepted Answer

Permissiveness

Question 9

A patient is given exogenous cortisol for a long period. What is the most likely effect on the patient's endogenous ACTH and adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

ACTH decreases; adrenal cortex atrophies

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the synthesis and processing of peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Preprohormone $$\rightarrow$$ Prohormone $$\rightarrow$$ Active hormone

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Promotes anabolism by increasing glucose uptake and storage

Question 12

Which of the following is a primary pathology in the hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine gland axis?

Accepted Answer

A defect in the last endocrine gland in the pathway

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the feedback regulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary pathway?

Accepted Answer

The hormone, not the response, is the feedback signal

Question 15

A patient with hyperinsulinemia develops decreased responsiveness to insulin. Which cellular mechanism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation of insulin receptors

Question 16

Which of the following hormones is derived from tryptophan?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 17

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is involved in water balance?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of glucagon during the fasting state?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

Directs small amounts of concentrated hormone from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Introduction to the Endocrine System: Hormones, Regulation, and Pathophysiology

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