Q: Peptide hormones are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the cell membrane. How are they released from the cell?

By Ca\textsuperscript{2+}-dependent exocytosis.

Q: Which equation best represents the negative feedback control in an endocrine reflex pathway?

$$Stimulus \rightarrow Hormone \rightarrow Physiological Response \rightarrow \text{Decrease in Stimulus}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

To release hormones that regulate body processes via cell-to-cell communication.

Question 2

A hormone is released from a gland and travels through the blood to a distant target tissue. Which property allows the hormone to exert its effect at very low concentrations?

Accepted Answer

High affinity for target cell receptors.

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is classified as a steroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

Peptide hormones are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the cell membrane. How are they released from the cell?

Accepted Answer

By Ca	extsuperscript{2+}-dependent exocytosis.

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the synthesis and release of peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Prohormone synthesized, post-translational modification to active hormone, stored in vesicle, released upon signal.

Question 6

Steroid hormones differ from peptide hormones in their mechanism of action. Which statement best describes steroid hormone action?

Accepted Answer

They enter target cells and bind to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors to activate DNA for protein synthesis.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a hormone derived from tyrosine?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 8

A patient presents with symptoms of hyperthyroidism and is diagnosed with Grave's disease. What is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Antibody activation of the TSH receptor, leading to overproduction of thyroid hormone.

Question 9

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of hormone synergism?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol together raise blood glucose to a level greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Question 10

Which equation best represents the negative feedback control in an endocrine reflex pathway?

Accepted Answer

$$Stimulus ightarrow Hormone ightarrow Physiological Response ightarrow 	ext{Decrease in Stimulus}$$

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It allows hormones from the hypothalamus to reach the anterior pituitary without dilution.

Question 12

A patient with goiter is most likely suffering from which endocrine pathology?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of thyroid hormone due to lack of iodine.

Question 13

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is involved in water balance?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes permissiveness in hormone interactions?

Accepted Answer

One hormone cannot exert its full effect without the presence of a second hormone.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a feature of steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to surface receptors and activate second messenger systems.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct example of antagonism in hormone interactions?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon opposes the action of insulin in regulating blood glucose.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why peptide hormones require surface receptors?

Accepted Answer

They are hydrophilic and cannot cross the lipid bilayer.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of hormone synthesis in the catecholamine pathway?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine \rightarrow Norepinephrine \rightarrow Epinephrine

Question 19

A patient with acromegaly is most likely experiencing which endocrine abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Excess growth hormone secretion in adulthood.

Introduction to the Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Hormone Classification

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