Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

They regulate the composition and volume of blood by removing wastes, regulating blood pH, and blood pressure.

Question 2

During glomerular filtration, which of the following is NOT normally filtered into the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells

Question 3

A patient is experiencing severe hemorrhaging. Which of the following best explains how this will affect glomerular filtration pressure?

Accepted Answer

Filtration pressure will decrease, possibly leading to anuria.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (55\ mm\ Hg) - (30\ mm\ Hg + 15\ mm\ Hg)$$

Question 5

Which of the following substances is normally reabsorbed by active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 6

If the tissues surrounding the nephron are not more salty than the nephron itself, what will happen to water reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Water will move into the nephron, decreasing reabsorption.

Question 7

Which hormone increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct to water, resulting in concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 8

A patient with diabetes mellitus has a blood glucose level of 300 mg/dL. What will happen to the excess glucose?

Accepted Answer

It will be excreted in the urine because it exceeds the tubular maximum.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is not permeable to water?

Accepted Answer

It allows for active transport of NaCl out of the nephron, creating a salt gradient.

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely result in the production of dilute (hypotonic) urine?

Accepted Answer

Absence of ADH

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct effect of angiotensin II?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of efferent arterioles and increased aldosterone release

Question 12

A patient consumes a large amount of alcohol. What effect will this have on ADH and urine output?

Accepted Answer

ADH secretion decreases, leading to dilute urine.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the vasa recta in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It helps maintain the salt gradient in the medulla by recycling salts.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct normal value for renal plasma clearance of creatinine, and what does it estimate?

Accepted Answer

140 ml/min; estimates glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 15

Which of the following scenarios would most likely stimulate the release of ADH?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration and reduced blood volume

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium and water reabsorption, raising blood pressure.

Question 17

A patient has a blockage in the ureter due to a kidney stone. What is the most likely effect on filtration pressure?

Accepted Answer

Filtration pressure drops due to pressure buildup in the capsule.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why inulin clearance is used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Inulin is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely occur if the afferent arteriole constricts due to sympathetic stimulation?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration rate decreases.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of the kidneys related to erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

They secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell formation.

Kidneys: Structure, Function, and Urine Formation

Study Guide - Practice Questions