Question 1

A patient presents with swelling in their right arm after a mastectomy. Which lymphatic structure is most likely compromised, and what is the physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Right lymphatic duct; accumulation of interstitial fluid (lymphedema)

Question 2

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricular wall is significantly thicker than the right ventricular wall?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body, requiring greater force to overcome higher systemic resistance.

Question 3

A blood smear shows a cell with a multi-lobed nucleus and pale granules. What is the primary function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis of bacteria

Question 4

A patient has a blood pressure reading of 150/90 mmHg. Calculate their mean arterial pressure (MAP) using the formula $$MAP = 	ext{Diastolic} + \frac{	ext{Pulse Pressure}}{3}.$$

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 90 + \frac{60}{3} = 110$$ mmHg

Question 5

Which vessel carries deoxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver for processing?

Accepted Answer

Hepatic portal vein

Question 6

During blood pressure measurement, the first Korotkoff sound is heard as the cuff is deflated. What does this sound represent?

Accepted Answer

The systolic blood pressure

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of lymph from the tissues back to the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial fluid → lymphatic capillaries → lymphatic vessels → lymph nodes → lymphatic trunks → thoracic duct/right lymphatic duct → subclavian veins

Question 8

A patient with a genetic deficiency in clotting factors presents with frequent nosebleeds and easy bruising. Which condition best explains these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hemophilia

Question 9

Which of the following arteries is a direct branch of the aortic arch and supplies blood to the right arm?

Accepted Answer

Brachiocephalic trunk

Question 10

A histology slide shows a blood vessel with a thick tunica media, small round lumen, and prominent elastic fibers. Which vessel is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Artery

Question 11

A patient is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure drops upon standing, leading to dizziness

Question 12

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole?

Accepted Answer

Aortic semilunar valve

Question 13

A patient with a WBC count of 20,000/μL (normal: 4,000–11,000/μL) is most likely experiencing which condition?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis

Question 14

Which lymphatic organ is responsible for the maturation of T-lymphocytes and atrophies with age?

Accepted Answer

Thymus

Question 15

A patient with a hematocrit of 60% is at increased risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity and risk of thrombosis

Question 16

Which pulse point is most commonly used to assess heart rate in a conscious adult during a routine physical exam?

Accepted Answer

Radial artery

Question 17

A patient with mononucleosis develops an enlarged spleen. What is the medical term for this condition, and what is a key function of the spleen?

Accepted Answer

Splenomegaly; filtration of blood and removal of old RBCs

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of albumin in plasma?

Accepted Answer

Maintains osmotic pressure and transports substances

Question 19

A patient with a mitral valve prolapse is at risk for which of the following clinical findings?

Accepted Answer

Backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole

Question 20

Which of the following is a unique feature of the right ventricle seen in sheep heart dissection, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Moderator band; conducts electrical impulses to papillary muscles

Lab Final Study Guide: Blood, Cardiovascular, and Lymphatic Systems

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