Question 1

A patient is suspected of having a Chlamydia infection. Which of the following best describes how Chlamydia causes infection in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Chlamydia invades host cells and replicates intracellularly, evading immune detection.

Question 2

In the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique for detecting Chlamydia, what indicates a positive result?

Accepted Answer

The presence of fluorescent staining under a microscope.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains how the Western Blot technique is used to detect HIV antibodies?

Accepted Answer

It separates HIV proteins by electrophoresis, then uses patient serum to detect specific antibodies.

Question 4

A patient has a positive ELISA test for HIV but a negative Western Blot. What is the most appropriate interpretation?

Accepted Answer

The ELISA result may be a false positive; further testing is needed.

Question 5

Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

Epiglottis

Question 6

A cross-section of the trachea under the microscope reveals which of the following features?

Accepted Answer

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the effect of surfactant on lung function?

Accepted Answer

Surfactant decreases surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse and improving compliance.

Question 8

A patient with restrictive lung disease has a reduced vital capacity. Which formula correctly calculates vital capacity ($$VC$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$VC = IRV + TV + ERV$$

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of airflow through the lower respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

Trachea → Right/Left primary bronchus → Lungs

Question 10

Which digestive enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch into maltose?

Accepted Answer

Amylase

Question 11

During digestion, which combination is necessary for the efficient breakdown of dietary fats?

Accepted Answer

Bile salts and pancreatin

Question 12

A decrease in the pH of a solution during fat digestion is primarily due to the production of which substance?

Accepted Answer

Fatty acids

Question 13

Which structure is found at the junction between the small and large intestine and regulates the passage of material?

Accepted Answer

Ileocecal valve

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the proximal convoluted tubule in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It reabsorbs water, ions, and nutrients from the filtrate, aided by microvilli.

Question 15

Which type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder, allowing it to stretch as it fills?

Accepted Answer

Transitional epithelium

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the bicarbonate buffer system in regulating blood pH?

Accepted Answer

It maintains pH by converting $$CO_2$$ and $$H_2O$$ into $$H_2CO_3$$, which dissociates into $$HCO_3$$^-$$ and H$$^+$$.

Question 17

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which compensatory mechanism will the body most likely use to restore acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Increase respiratory rate to expel $$CO_2$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct pairing of digestive structure and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Stomach – chemical digestion of proteins

Question 19

A patient with a blocked common bile duct would have difficulty digesting which type of nutrient, and why?

Accepted Answer

Fats, because bile emulsifies lipids for enzymatic digestion.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the flow of blood through the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → Cortex → Medulla → Renal vein

Lab Practical 2 Study Guide: Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary Systems, and Serological Testing

Study Guide - Practice Questions