Question 1

Which of the following structures is the first to participate in gas exchange within the lower respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 2

A patient inhales a small particle. Which structure is most likely to trap and remove this particle before it reaches the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Ciliated epithelium of the trachea

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the functional difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?

Accepted Answer

The conducting zone transports air without gas exchange; the respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs.

Question 4

During an asthma attack, smooth muscle constriction occurs in which part of the bronchial tree, most directly affecting airflow resistance?

Accepted Answer

Bronchioles

Question 5

If a patient has damage to the ciliated epithelium lining the trachea, which physiological process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Removal of debris from the airway

Question 6

Which equation best represents the relationship between airway resistance ($R$), airway radius ($r$), and airflow ($Q$) in the bronchioles?

Accepted Answer

$R = \frac{8 \eta l}{\pi r^4}$

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting zone?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 8

A tumor is found in a tertiary (segmental) bronchus. Which region of the lung is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

A bronchopulmonary segment

Question 9

Which cell type is most abundant in the bronchioles and is responsible for regulating airflow?

Accepted Answer

Cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 10

If the left main bronchus is obstructed, which of the following will most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Reduced airflow to the left lung

Question 11

Which structure directly connects the trachea to the bronchial tree?

Accepted Answer

Main bronchi

Question 12

A patient with chronic bronchitis has excessive mucus in the conducting zone. Which of the following is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Transport of air to the respiratory zone

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the alveoli are considered the main site of gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

They have a large surface area and thin walls for efficient diffusion.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of airflow from the trachea to the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Trachea → Main bronchi → Secondary bronchi → Tertiary bronchi → Bronchioles → Terminal bronchioles → Respiratory bronchioles → Alveolar ducts → Alveoli

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely result from constriction of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles?

Accepted Answer

Increased airway resistance and decreased airflow

Question 16

Which structure marks the transition from the conducting zone to the respiratory zone?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 17

A patient with emphysema has destruction of alveolar walls. Which physiological process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Gas exchange

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the secondary (lobar) bronchi?

Accepted Answer

Each supplies a lobe of the lung

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the terminal bronchioles?

Accepted Answer

They are the last part of the conducting zone before gas exchange begins.

Question 20

Which of the following would most likely occur if the ciliated epithelium in the trachea were paralyzed?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of debris in the lower airways

Lower Respiratory Organs and Bronchial Tree: Structure and Function

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