Q: According to Dalton’s Law, what is the partial pressure of oxygen ($$P_{O_2$}) in $$atmospheric air at sea level if oxygen makes up 20.9% of the total pressure (760 mm Hg)?

$$P_{O_2$} = 760 \times 0.209 = 159 mm Hg $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of lymphocytes in the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

They respond to invading pathogens, abnormal body cells, and foreign proteins by rendering them harmless through physical and chemical attacks.

Question 2

A patient presents with swelling and distention of a limb due to accumulation of interstitial fluid. Which condition is most likely responsible, and what is a potential consequence?

Accepted Answer

Lymphadema; toxins and pathogens can accumulate and overwhelm local defenses without fully activating the immune system.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about lymphatic capillaries is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are absent in tissues lacking blood supply, such as the cornea and red bone marrow.

Question 4

Which lymphocyte is primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity and requires antigen presentation for activation?

Accepted Answer

T cells

Question 5

A newborn is at risk for respiratory distress syndrome due to insufficient surfactant production. Which cell type is responsible for surfactant secretion?

Accepted Answer

Pneumocyte type II

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents Boyle’s Law, the relationship between pressure and volume in pulmonary ventilation?

Accepted Answer

$$P = \frac{1}{V}$$

Question 7

A patient with chronic arthritis has reduced flexibility in the rib cage and spinal column. How does this affect lung compliance?

Accepted Answer

It decreases compliance, requiring greater force to fill and empty the lungs.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct calculation for vital capacity (VC) in pulmonary volumes?

Accepted Answer

$$VC = TV + IRV + ERV$$

Question 9

According to Dalton’s Law, what is the partial pressure of oxygen ($$P_{O_2$}) in $$atmospheric air at sea level if oxygen makes up 20.9% of the total pressure (760 mm Hg)?

Accepted Answer

$$P_{O_2$} = 760 	imes 0.209 = 159 mm Hg $$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the Bohr effect in hemoglobin function?

Accepted Answer

A decrease in pH causes hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily.

Question 11

During forced breathing, which muscles are primarily responsible for active exhalation?

Accepted Answer

Internal intercostals and transversus thoracic muscles

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood?

Accepted Answer

The majority of CO2 is converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase in RBCs.

Question 13

A patient is experiencing hypercapnia. What is the expected response of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Increase in respiratory rate and depth to eliminate excess CO2.

Question 14

Which of the following is a property of adaptive immunity that distinguishes it from innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

It involves memory cells that allow for a faster, stronger response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

Question 15

Which antibody class is most abundant in plasma and can cross the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 16

A person receives a vaccination containing antigens. Which type of immunity is being induced?

Accepted Answer

Induced active immunity

Question 17

Which structure in the respiratory system is responsible for preventing food or liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

Epiglottis

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the pleural fluid?

Accepted Answer

It lubricates the pleural surfaces, reducing friction during breathing.

Question 19

Which equation correctly calculates alveolar ventilation ($$V_a) $$given a tidal volume ($$V_t) of 500 ml$$, anatomic dead space ($$V_d) of 150 ml$$, and a respiratory rate ($$f) of 12 $$breaths per minute?

Accepted Answer

$$V_a = f 	imes (V_t - V_d) = 12 	imes (500 - 150) = 4,200 ml/$$min

Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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