Q: Calculate the vital capacity ($$VC) $$given the following values: tidal volume ($$TV) = 500 mL$$, inspiratory reserve volume ($$IRV) = 3000 mL$$, expiratory reserve volume ($$ERV) = 1200 mL. $$Use the formula $$VC = TV + IRV + ERV.$$

$$VC = 500 + 3000 + 1200 = 4700\ \text{mL}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the chemical composition of lymph as it leaves a lymph node?

Accepted Answer

Lymph is primarily composed of water, dissolved ions, proteins, and white blood cells, but lacks platelets and red blood cells.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Producing red blood cells during adulthood.

Question 3

A patient presents with swelling in the axillary region after breast surgery. Which group of lymph nodes is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Axillary lymph nodes

Question 4

Which organ is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen and functions to filter blood, recycle old red blood cells, and store platelets?

Accepted Answer

Spleen

Question 5

Which of the following factors would most likely increase the rate of lymph formation?

Accepted Answer

Increased tissue interstitial fluid pressure

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of specific immunity?

Accepted Answer

Production of antibodies against a virus after vaccination

Question 7

During antigen presentation, which cell type displays fragments of pathogens on its surface to activate T-cells?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies produced by B-cells, while cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T-cells attacking infected cells.

Question 9

Which of the following organs is part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Terminal bronchioles

Question 10

Which structure forms the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Alveoli

Question 11

A patient with a punctured pleura is at risk for which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Pneumothorax

Question 12

Which muscle is primarily responsible for increasing thoracic volume during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm

Question 13

During normal quiet breathing, which pressure is always lower than atmospheric pressure to prevent lung collapse?

Accepted Answer

Intrapleural pressure

Question 14

Calculate the vital capacity ($$VC) $$given the following values: tidal volume ($$TV) = 500 mL$$, inspiratory reserve volume ($$IRV) = 3000 mL$$, expiratory reserve volume ($$ERV) = 1200 mL. $$Use the formula $$VC = TV + IRV + ERV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$VC = 500 + 3000 + 1200 = 4700\ 	ext{mL}$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes anatomical dead space?

Accepted Answer

The volume of air in the conducting zone that does not participate in gas exchange.

Question 16

During exercise, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right. What is the physiological significance of this shift?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily, increasing oxygen delivery to tissues.

Question 17

Which equation correctly represents minute respiratory volume ($$MRV) $$given tidal volume ($$TV) $$and respiratory rate ($$RR$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$MRV = TV 	imes RR$$

Question 18

A patient is exposed to high levels of carbon dioxide. Which respiratory center in the brainstem is primarily responsible for increasing ventilation in response?

Accepted Answer

Medullary respiratory center

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of external respiration?

Accepted Answer

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.

Question 20

A patient with severe pneumonia has thickened respiratory membranes. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Decreased rate of gas exchange due to reduced diffusion efficiency.

Lymphatic, Immune, and Respiratory Systems: Study Guide

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