Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of NK (Natural Killer) cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They directly attack and destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells without prior sensitization.

Question 2

Which antibody is most abundant in the secondary immune response and is responsible for long-term immunity?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 3

A patient is exposed to a novel virus. Which cell type is most likely to present viral antigens to T cells using MHC class II molecules?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells

Question 4

Which of the following best explains the Bohr effect in hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Decreased pH reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen release in tissues.

Question 5

Which of the following is a direct effect of BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) on hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

It decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, promoting oxygen release in tissues.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of interferons in viral infection?

Accepted Answer

They signal neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins, limiting viral spread.

Question 7

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is found to have hypercapnia. Which physiological response is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory rate to expel excess CO$_2$.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen transfer from mother to fetus.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of helper T cells (CD4$^+$)?

Accepted Answer

They activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells by releasing cytokines.

Question 10

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between CO$_2$, H$_2$O, and HCO$_3^-$ in the blood?

Accepted Answer

$CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + HCO_3^-$

Question 11

A patient is given pure oxygen for an extended period. Which of the following is a potential risk associated with this treatment?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen toxicity leading to damage of lung tissues.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation (epinephrine) on airway diameter?

Accepted Answer

Dilation of airways, increasing airflow.

Question 13

Which cell type is responsible for displaying CD8 on its surface and directly killing infected cells?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the adaptive immune response to a bacterial infection?

Accepted Answer

Antigen presentation → Activation of helper T cells → Activation of B cells → Antibody production

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why breathing into a bag can help reduce hyperventilation?

Accepted Answer

It increases CO$_2$ levels in the blood, restoring acid-base balance.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the nasal conchae in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

They increase the surface area for warming, humidifying, and filtering air.

Question 17

Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to hypercapnia?

Accepted Answer

Impaired ventilation due to chronic lung disease

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of APCs (antigen presenting cells) in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They present processed antigens to T cells, initiating adaptive immunity.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating oxygen saturation of hemoglobin ($S_{O_2}$) using partial pressure of oxygen ($P_{O_2}$)?

Accepted Answer

$S_{O_2} = \frac{O_2\ bound\ to\ Hb}{O_2\ capacity\ of\ Hb} 	imes 100$

Lymphatic System (Immune System) and Respiratory Physiology: Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards