Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion across a plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via a membrane protein without energy input.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst as water enters.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($E_{ion}$) of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[ion]_{out}}{[ion]_{in}} \right)$

Question 4

A neuron receives simultaneous excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Which process determines whether an action potential will be generated?

Accepted Answer

Spatial summation

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of osteoblasts?

Accepted Answer

Bone resorption

Question 6

During endochondral ossification, which structure forms first?

Accepted Answer

Primary ossification center

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around $-70$ mV?

Accepted Answer

The Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase pump maintains a higher concentration of K$^+$ inside and Na$^+$ outside the cell.

Question 8

A patient is given an antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin. What effect does this have on synaptic transmission?

Accepted Answer

It increases the amount of serotonin in the synaptic cleft, enhancing postsynaptic activation.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for bone fracture repair?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation → fibrocartilaginous callus formation → bony callus formation → bone remodeling

Question 10

Which of the following best describes secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Transport of molecules against their concentration gradient using energy stored in the gradient of another molecule.

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the absolute refractory period of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated Na$^+$ channels are inactivated and cannot reopen until the membrane repolarizes.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts resorb bone by secreting acids and enzymes that dissolve bone minerals.

Question 13

A diagram shows a synapse where neurotransmitter release is reduced due to presynaptic inhibition. Which mechanism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Activation of inhibitory interneurons that decrease Ca$^{2+}$ entry

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of the epiphyseal plate?

Accepted Answer

It allows for longitudinal growth of long bones during childhood and adolescence.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why water moves into a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

Accepted Answer

The concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell, causing water to move in by osmosis.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It covers the outer surface of bone and contains osteogenic cells for bone growth and repair.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between chemical and electrical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Chemical synapses transmit signals via neurotransmitters, while electrical synapses transmit signals via direct ion flow through gap junctions.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling involves both bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts throughout life.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of increasing extracellular K$^+$ concentration on the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

The resting membrane potential becomes less negative (depolarizes).

Membrane Transport, Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Transmission, and Bone & Bone Tissue: Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions