Question 1

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion across a plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via a membrane protein, without energy input.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and possibly burst because water will move into the cell due to lower solute concentration outside.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($E_{ion}$) of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[ion]_{out}}{[ion]_{in}} \right)$

Question 4

During an action potential, which event is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase?

Accepted Answer

Opening of voltage-gated Na$^+$ channels allowing Na$^+$ influx.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of body temperature.

Question 6

A patient is given an intravenous solution with an osmolarity of 400 mOsm/L. What effect will this have on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink due to water efflux.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone forms by replacing a hyaline cartilage model with bone tissue.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is maintained by the Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase pump, which moves 3 Na$^+$ out and 2 K$^+$ in per ATP hydrolyzed.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for synaptic transmission at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at axon terminal → voltage-gated Ca$^{2+}$ channels open → neurotransmitter released → neurotransmitter binds postsynaptic receptor.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the absolute refractory period occurs in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated Na$^+$ channels are inactivated and cannot reopen until the membrane repolarizes.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct formula for calculating osmolarity ($Osm$) of a solution?

Accepted Answer

$Osm = 	ext{Molarity} 	imes 	ext{Number of particles per molecule}$

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of osteoblasts?

Accepted Answer

Formation of new bone matrix.

Question 13

A neuron receives two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in rapid succession at the same synapse. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Temporal summation.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of myelin in nerve conduction?

Accepted Answer

It increases the speed of action potential propagation by allowing saltatory conduction.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a stage of bone repair?

Accepted Answer

Bone collar formation.

Question 16

Which of the following would increase the rate of simple diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the surface area of the alveoli.

Question 17

Which of the following is the structural unit of compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Osteon.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport uses the energy from an ion gradient established by primary active transport.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of the Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase pump in maintaining cell homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It pumps Na$^+$ out of the cell and K$^+$ into the cell, helping maintain the resting membrane potential.

Membrane Transport, Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Transmission, and Bone & Bone Tissue: Study Guide

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