Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via a membrane protein, without energy input.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and possibly burst because water will move in due to lower solute concentration outside.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($E_{ion}$) of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[ion]_{out}}{[ion]_{in}} \right)$

Question 4

During an action potential, which event is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase?

Accepted Answer

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.

Question 5

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic compared to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells will shrink due to water leaving the cells.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of osteoblasts?

Accepted Answer

Bone resorption.

Question 7

Which structure is primarily responsible for the longitudinal growth of long bones during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport uses the energy from an electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for synaptic transmission at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrival, synaptic vesicle fusion, neurotransmitter release, postsynaptic receptor activation.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around $-70\ \mathrm{mV}$?

Accepted Answer

The membrane is more permeable to K$^+$ ions than Na$^+$ ions, and the Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase pump maintains the gradient.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct description of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone develops by replacing a pre-existing cartilage model.

Question 12

A patient has a mutation that causes voltage-gated Na$^+$ channels to remain open longer than normal during an action potential. What effect would this have on the action potential?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged depolarization phase and delayed repolarization.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase pump in maintaining membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It pumps 3 Na$^+$ ions out and 2 K$^+$ ions in, creating and maintaining the electrochemical gradients.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling is a continuous process involving both bone resorption and bone deposition throughout life.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct definition of osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water molecules from low to high solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of osteoclasts?

Accepted Answer

Bone resorption.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes temporal summation at a synapse?

Accepted Answer

A single synapse firing repeatedly in rapid succession, causing postsynaptic potentials to add up.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of events in bone fracture repair?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation, callus formation, bone collar formation, bone remodeling.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the electrical and chemical gradients for Na$^+$ in a typical neuron at rest?

Accepted Answer

Both electrical and chemical gradients drive Na$^+$ into the cell.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It covers the outer surface of bones and contains cells important for bone growth and repair.

Membrane Transport, Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Transmission, and Bone & Tissue Study Guide

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