Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the energy balance in the human body?

$$\text{Total body energy} = \text{energy intake} - \text{energy output} + \text{energy stored}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary fate of glucose in the fed (absorptive) state?

Accepted Answer

It is used as the primary substrate for ATP production and stored as glycogen or fat if in excess.

Question 2

Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting anabolic pathways during the fed state, and what is its main effect on plasma glucose?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; decreases plasma glucose by enhancing cellular uptake and storage.

Question 3

During the fasted (postabsorptive) state, which metabolic pathway is most active in the liver to maintain blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why fats are considered a more efficient long-term energy storage molecule compared to carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Fats have more than twice the energy content per gram compared to carbohydrates.

Question 5

A patient with a deficiency in beta cell function would most likely experience which of the following metabolic disturbances?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia due to decreased insulin secretion and impaired glucose uptake.

Question 6

Which process describes the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol, and what is the fate of these products?

Accepted Answer

Lipolysis; free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation and glycerol enters glycolysis.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the energy balance in the human body?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Total body energy} = 	ext{energy intake} - 	ext{energy output} + 	ext{energy stored}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin on target cells during the fed state?

Accepted Answer

Activation of insulin-receptor substrates to increase glucose transport into cells.

Question 9

Amino acids can be used for energy production after which process, and what are the main products?

Accepted Answer

Deamination; ammonia and organic acids (such as pyruvate or acetyl CoA).

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the push-pull control of metabolism by insulin and glucagon?

Accepted Answer

Insulin promotes anabolic pathways in the fed state, while glucagon promotes catabolic pathways in the fasted state.

Question 11

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in the formation of ketone bodies?

Accepted Answer

Excess acetyl CoA production from fatty acid beta-oxidation during prolonged fasting.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the fasted state to prevent hypoglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Increased glucagon secretion → increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver → increased plasma glucose

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why sympathetic activity inhibits insulin secretion?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic activity releases catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), which inhibit insulin secretion to prioritize glucose for the brain and muscles during stress.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the fate of amino acids in the fed state is correct?

Accepted Answer

Amino acids are used for protein synthesis, and excess is converted to fat or used for energy.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the liver in nutrient metabolism during the fed state?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes plasma proteins and lipoproteins, and stores glucose as glycogen.

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct result of deamination of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Formation of ammonia and organic acids that enter glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the fate of triglycerides in adipose tissue during the fasted state?

Accepted Answer

They are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol, which are released into the blood.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the plasma glucose pool is tightly regulated?

Accepted Answer

The brain relies almost exclusively on glucose for energy under normal conditions.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of the islets of Langerhans in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells secrete insulin, and alpha cells secrete glucagon.

Metabolic Principles and Homeostatic Control of Metabolism 6.1

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