$$\text{Energy Balance} = \text{Energy Intake} - \text{Energy Output}$$

$$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 \rightarrow 2\text{C}_3\text{H}_4\text{O}_3 + 2\text{ATP} + 2\text{NADH}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the satiety center in the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits food intake by signaling fullness after eating.

Question 2

During the fasted (postabsorptive) state, which metabolic pathway is most active in maintaining blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 3

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following metabolic consequences?

Accepted Answer

Elevated blood glucose and increased ketone body formation

Question 4

Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver during the fasted state?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of energy balance in the human body?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Energy Balance} = 	ext{Energy Intake} - 	ext{Energy Output}$$

Question 6

A person consumes 2500 kcal/day and expends 2200 kcal/day. What is their energy balance, and what is the likely physiological outcome?

Accepted Answer

$$2500 - 2200 = 300$$ kcal; likely weight gain

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the role of insulin in metabolism during the fed state?

Accepted Answer

Insulin promotes glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis.

Question 8

A patient presents with symptoms of hypoglycemia. Which hormone would be expected to increase in response to restore normal blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 9

Which of the following statements about energy storage is correct?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle.

Question 10

Which hormone is released in response to stress and promotes gluconeogenesis and lipolysis?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 11

A patient with Cushing's syndrome has elevated cortisol levels. Which metabolic effect would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose due to enhanced gluconeogenesis

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of growth hormone on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates protein synthesis and mobilizes fat stores.

Question 13

Which equation correctly represents the conversion of glucose to pyruvate during glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 ightarrow 2	ext{C}_3	ext{H}_4	ext{O}_3 + 2	ext{ATP} + 2	ext{NADH}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct effect of thyroid hormones on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Increase basal metabolic rate and stimulate energy consumption

Question 15

A patient is experiencing rapid weight loss, increased appetite, and elevated body temperature. Which endocrine disorder is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of lipolysis?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 17

Which hormone is most likely to increase during prolonged fasting and promote the use of fatty acids for energy?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 18

A patient with Addison's disease has low cortisol levels. Which metabolic effect would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood glucose due to reduced gluconeogenesis

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of prolonged uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis due to excess ketone bodies

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium balance?

Accepted Answer

It increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption.

Metabolism and Endocrine Control: Study Guide for Human Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions