Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism is an exergonic process that breaks down organic molecules to release energy, whereas anabolism is an endergonic process that builds new organic molecules.

Question 2

A patient is unable to absorb monosaccharides in the jejunum due to a genetic defect. Which of the following is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

The patient will be unable to replenish the nutrient pool with glucose, leading to impaired cellular metabolism.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about aerobic metabolism is correct?

Accepted Answer

The citric acid cycle generates reduced coenzymes (NADH and $$FADH_2) $$that deliver energy to the electron transport chain.

Question 4

A person consumes a meal high in carbohydrates. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the absorptive state, and what is its main effect?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; promotes glucose uptake and storage as glycogen.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why neural tissue is highly sensitive to fluctuations in blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Neural tissue requires a continuous and uninterrupted supply of glucose for physiological function.

Question 6

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids?

Accepted Answer

Emulsification by bile salts → formation of micelles → absorption by intestinal cells → assembly into chylomicrons → exocytosis into lacteals

Question 7

A patient presents with elevated serum cholesterol ($$\u003e200 mg/dL) $$and a high LDL:HDL ratio. Which of the following best describes the clinical significance of these findings?

Accepted Answer

The patient is at increased risk for cardiovascular disease due to excessive cholesterol delivery to peripheral tissues.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about protein metabolism is correct?

Accepted Answer

Deamination of amino acids produces ammonium ions, which are converted to urea in the liver for excretion.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the fate of excess dietary carbohydrates in the body?

Accepted Answer

They are converted to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle, and can also be converted to lipids for long-term storage.

Question 10

A person is fasting overnight and enters the postabsorptive state. Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels, and what is its main mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Question 11

Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble and may accumulate to toxic levels if consumed in excess?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D$$_3$$

Question 12

Calculate the total caloric content of a meal containing 50 g of carbohydrates, 20 g of protein, and 10 g of lipids. Use the following energy values: Carbohydrates = 4.18 Cal/g, Proteins = 4.32 Cal/g, Lipids = 9.46 Cal/g.

Accepted Answer

$$(50 	imes 4.18) + (20 	imes 4.32) + (10 	imes 9.46) = 209 + 86.4 + 94.6 = 390$$ Calories

Question 13

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the long-term suppression of appetite?

Accepted Answer

Leptin secretion by adipose tissue, providing negative feedback to the hypothalamic satiety center

Question 14

Which of the following statements about lipoproteins is correct?

Accepted Answer

HDLs transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for elimination.

Question 15

A patient with a deficiency in pancreatic lipase would most likely experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Steatorrhea (fatty stools) due to incomplete triglyceride digestion in the duodenum

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why essential fatty acids must be included in the diet?

Accepted Answer

They cannot be synthesized by the body and are required for normal cellular function.

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct result of the urea cycle in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of ammonium ions by converting them to urea for renal excretion

Question 18

Which of the following factors would most likely increase an individual's basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Accepted Answer

Increased body size and elevated epinephrine concentrations

Question 19

A person with malnutrition due to excessive nutrient absorption is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Physiological dysfunction due to nutrient toxicity or imbalance

Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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