Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between catabolism and anabolism in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism breaks down organic molecules to release energy, while anabolism uses energy to build new molecules.

Question 2

During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules per molecule of glucose, and where does glycolysis occur?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$ ATP; cytosol

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain (ETC) is correct?

Accepted Answer

The ETC is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

Question 4

A patient is fasting for several days. Which metabolic state are they in, and what is the primary energy source for most tissues (excluding the nervous system)?

Accepted Answer

Postabsorptive state; lipids and amino acids

Question 5

Which process describes the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, and which hormone stimulates this process?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis; glucagon

Question 6

What is the main reason why proteins are not the preferred energy source for the body?

Accepted Answer

Protein catabolism produces toxic ammonium ions and threatens cellular homeostasis.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why LDLs are considered 'bad cholesterol'?

Accepted Answer

They transport cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues, where it may contribute to arterial plaque formation.

Question 8

A person is exposed to a cold environment. Which thermoregulatory mechanism is most likely to be activated to conserve heat?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral vasoconstriction and shunting of blood to deep veins

Question 9

Which vitamin is fat-soluble, essential for the synthesis of clotting factors, and can be produced by intestinal bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K

Question 10

Calculate the total ATP yield from the complete aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose. Show the formula used.

Accepted Answer

$$2 + 2 + 28 = 32$$ ATP

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct description of beta-oxidation?

Accepted Answer

It breaks down fatty acids into 2-carbon fragments in the mitochondria, generating acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of coenzymes NAD and FAD in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

They transfer electrons from organic molecules to the electron transport chain, becoming reduced in the process.

Question 13

A patient with a diet lacking linoleic and linolenic acids is most likely to develop symptoms related to deficiency of which nutrient type?

Accepted Answer

Essential fatty acids

Question 14

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the majority of heat loss from the human body at rest in a room-temperature environment?

Accepted Answer

Radiation

Question 15

Which metabolic pathway is stimulated by insulin during the absorptive state?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenesis

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why brown fat is important for thermoregulation in infants?

Accepted Answer

Brown fat contains thermogenin, which uncouples the electron transport chain, producing heat instead of ATP.

Question 17

Which of the following is a consequence of prolonged starvation leading to excessive ketone body production?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis, which can cause coma and cardiac arrhythmias

Question 18

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin that is important for epithelial and connective tissue health?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 19

Which process involves the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid, and what is the significance of this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Transamination; allows amino acids to be converted into intermediates for the citric acid cycle

Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics – Study Notes

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