Question 1

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?

Accepted Answer

Body erect, feet flat, arms at sides, palms facing anteriorly, thumbs outward

Question 2

A patient has a lesion affecting the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin. Which function is most likely to be compromised?

Accepted Answer

Protection from physical stress

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why facilitated diffusion is considered a passive process?

Accepted Answer

It moves substances down their concentration gradient without using cellular energy

Question 4

A patient with a genetic defect in lysosomal enzymes is likely to experience which of the following cellular problems?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of damaged organelles and pathogens

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thin skin, from deep to superficial?

Accepted Answer

Basale → spinosum → granulosum → corneum

Question 6

A patient presents with a fracture at the lambdoid suture. Which bones are most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Parietal and occipital

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts?

Accepted Answer

Dissolve bone matrix, releasing $$Ca^{2+}$$ and phosphate

Question 8

A patient has damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle. Which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Storage and release of $$Ca^{2+}$$ ions for muscle contraction

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the diaphragm is essential for respiration?

Accepted Answer

Its contraction increases thoracic volume, decreasing pressure and drawing air into the lungs

Question 10

A patient is unable to abduct their arm at the shoulder. Which muscle group is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the nodes of Ranvier in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

They are gaps in myelin that facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials

Question 12

A patient has a spinal cord injury affecting the lateral spinothalamic tract. Which sensory function is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Pain and temperature sensation

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Question 14

A patient with a lesion in the posterior columns of the spinal cord would most likely have difficulty with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Sensing fine touch, vibration, and pressure

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Active transport process requiring ATP to bring substances into the cell via vesicles

Question 16

A patient with a damaged glenohumeral joint would have difficulty moving which part of the body?

Accepted Answer

Shoulder

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the rate of diffusion according to Fick's Law?

Accepted Answer

$$Rate = D \times A \times (C_1$ - C_2$) / d$$

Question 18

A patient with a mutation affecting Schwann cells would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Decreased myelination in the peripheral nervous system

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases $$Ca^{2+}$$ ions necessary for contraction

Question 20

A patient with a spinal cord injury at the level of the lumbar enlargement would most likely experience deficits in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Motor and sensory function of the lower limbs

Mid-Term Study Guide: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology (Ch. 1–15)

Study Guide - Practice Questions