Q: Which equation represents Fick's Law of Diffusion, used to predict the rate of diffusion across a membrane?

$$ Rate = P \times A \times (C_1$ - C_2$) $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between structure and function in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Structure determines function, and changes in structure can alter physiological function.

Question 2

A cell placed in a solution with an osmolarity of 400 mOsm/L will most likely:

Accepted Answer

Crenate as water leaves the cell.

Question 3

Which equation represents Fick's Law of Diffusion, used to predict the rate of diffusion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$ Rate = P 	imes A 	imes (C_1$ - C_2$) $$

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between lipophilic and lipophobic signal molecules?

Accepted Answer

Lipophilic molecules diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, often affecting gene expression.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of the amplifier enzyme in signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

It increases the number of intracellular signaling molecules, amplifying the original signal.

Question 6

A patient with type 2 diabetes has disrupted negative feedback in glucose regulation. What is the expected consequence?

Accepted Answer

Blood glucose levels will rise and remain elevated.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the reflex control pathway in response to high blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus → sensor → integrating center → output signal → target → response

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why only negative feedback maintains homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback reverses deviations from a set point, stabilizing internal conditions.

Question 9

Which buffer system is primarily responsible for maintaining pH in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer

Question 10

Which of the following statements about membrane potential is correct?

Accepted Answer

Resting membrane potential is typically between –65 and –70 mV due to selective permeability and unequal ion distribution.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion is passive and uses carrier or channel proteins, while active transport requires energy to move molecules against their gradient.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

SGLT (sodium-glucose cotransporter)

Question 13

During an action potential, which ion movement is responsible for the rising phase?

Accepted Answer

Influx of Na+ through voltage-gated channels

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of myelination on action potential conduction?

Accepted Answer

Myelination allows action potentials to jump between nodes, increasing speed and efficiency.

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between air conduction and bone conduction in hearing?

Accepted Answer

Bone conduction transmits sound vibrations directly to the cochlea, bypassing the middle ear.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of a competitive inhibitor on protein-mediated transport?

Accepted Answer

It decreases the transport rate by competing with the substrate for binding.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct example of a positive feedback loop?

Accepted Answer

Blood clotting cascade.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of signal amplification in a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway?

Accepted Answer

A single ligand binding to a GPCR activates multiple G-proteins, each of which can activate amplifier enzymes to produce many second messengers.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a cell would up-regulate its membrane receptors?

Accepted Answer

To increase its sensitivity to a ligand present in low concentration.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between an agonist and an antagonist?

Accepted Answer

An agonist binds to a receptor and mimics the natural ligand's effect, while an antagonist binds and prevents the effect.

Mini-Textbook Study Notes: Physiology, Membrane Dynamics, Signal Transduction, pH & Buffers, Hearing, and Neurons

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