Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between ionic and covalent bonds in biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal, resulting in charged ions, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing acidosis, with a blood pH of 7.1. Which buffer system is most likely to help restore normal pH, and what is the chemical equation for this buffer reaction?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate buffer system; $ \mathrm{HCO}_3^- + \mathrm{H}^+ \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{CO}_3 $

Question 3

Which of the following molecules is amphiphilic and forms the main component of cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct description of a nonpolar covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

Electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in no partial charges.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves easily in water?

Accepted Answer

Water is polar and stabilizes the separated Na$^+$ and Cl$^-$ ions through ion-dipole interactions.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Serving as genetic material for inheritance

Question 7

A molecule contains a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group ($ -\mathrm{COOH} $). What type of molecule is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

A fatty acid

Question 8

Which of the following correctly matches the monomer with its corresponding polymer?

Accepted Answer

Nucleotide — Nucleic acid

Question 9

A patient is found to have a genetic mutation affecting the primary structure of a protein. Which level of protein structure is directly altered by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 10

Which of the following statements about ATP is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP is a nucleotide with three phosphate groups and is the main energy currency of the cell.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine, while RNA contains ribose sugar and uracil.

Question 12

Which of the following is a polysaccharide stored in muscle and liver cells for energy?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 13

A molecule is described as hydrophobic. Which of the following is most likely true about its chemical structure?

Accepted Answer

It is composed primarily of nonpolar hydrocarbon chains.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of a dehydration synthesis reaction in the body?

Accepted Answer

Linking two amino acids together to form a peptide bond and releasing water: $ \mathrm{Amino\ Acid}_1 + \mathrm{Amino\ Acid}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{Dipeptide} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} $

Question 15

Which of the following is a steroid molecule found in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the quaternary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein complex

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a nitrogenous base in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Guanine pairs with cytosine

Question 18

A solution has a pH of 5. Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

The solution is acidic and has a high concentration of H$^+$ ions.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why proteins can have such diverse functions in the body?

Accepted Answer

Proteins can fold into complex three-dimensional shapes due to interactions among their amino acid side chains.

Molecular Physiology Overview: Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology

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