Q: Which equation correctly represents the net ATP yield from anaerobic glycolysis?

$$\text{Glucose} \rightarrow 2 \text{ATP} + 2 \text{Lactate}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes a motor unit?

Accepted Answer

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 2

During a muscle twitch, which event occurs as a result of a single action potential?

Accepted Answer

A single, quick contraction of the muscle.

Question 3

Which muscle fiber type is best suited for endurance activities such as marathon running, and why?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers, because they utilize aerobic respiration and resist fatigue.

Question 4

A patient is experiencing muscle fatigue after prolonged exercise. Which of the following is most likely contributing to this condition?

Accepted Answer

Ionic imbalances and damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the net ATP yield from anaerobic glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Glucose} ightarrow 2 	ext{ATP} + 2 	ext{Lactate}$$

Question 6

Which of the following statements about muscle tone is correct?

Accepted Answer

Muscle tone refers to a constant, slight contraction that maintains posture.

Question 7

After intense exercise, a person experiences an oxygen deficit. Which of the following must be replenished to restore muscle function?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen, glycogen, ATP, and creatine phosphate reserves.

Question 8

Which of the following is a unique feature of smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Ability to undergo hyperplasia (cell division and regeneration).

Question 9

Which regulatory proteins are involved in smooth muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Calmodulin and myosin kinase.

Question 10

A muscle fiber with high myoglobin content, red color, and slow fatigue rate is most likely:

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why resistance training increases muscle size?

Accepted Answer

It enlarges existing fibers and increases contractile protein content (hypertrophy).

Question 12

Which structure stores calcium for contraction in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 13

Which neurotransmitter storage structure is found in smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Varicosities.

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the effects of aerobic exercise on muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic exercise converts glycolytic fibers to oxidative fibers and increases capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the contraction mechanism in smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Calcium binds to calmodulin, activating myosin kinase, which phosphorylates myosin.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Striated appearance.

Question 17

A normal dad playing basketball against an NBA player would primarily use which muscle fiber type?

Accepted Answer

Fast glycolytic fibers.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about muscle fiber types is correct?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers fatigue slowly and are red due to high myoglobin.

Question 19

Which connective tissue wrapping is found in both skeletal and smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Endomysium.

Question 20

Which of the following is a multi-step process that occurs during muscle contraction in smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Calcium binds to calmodulin $$\rightarrow$$ Myosin kinase is activated $$\rightarrow$$ Myosin is phosphorylated $$\rightarrow$$ Cross-bridge cycling with actin.

Muscle System: Motor Units, Muscle Fiber Types, Metabolism, and Smooth vs. Skeletal Muscle

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