Q: Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}}$$

Question 1

Which type of muscle fiber would be most affected by a reduction in blood flow during prolonged aerobic exercise?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers

Question 2

When a sarcomere contracts and thin filaments slide over thick filaments, which change would you expect to see in the sarcomere structure?

Accepted Answer

The I bands appear smaller

Question 3

Which of the following is the primary function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium needed for muscle contraction

Question 4

Which statement best describes an isotonic concentric contraction?

Accepted Answer

The muscle shortens but tension remains constant

Question 5

If a muscle were stretched so that thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped, what would be the result?

Accepted Answer

No muscle tension could be generated

Question 6

The sliding filament model of muscle contraction involves:

Accepted Answer

Actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping

Question 7

During the rapid depolarization phase of an action potential, which ions are primarily responsible for the change in membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ions entering the cell

Question 8

When potassium channels open and K+ ions diffuse through the membrane, what happens to the membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

The inside of the membrane will become more negative

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT involved in creating the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

Question 10

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated potassium channels

Question 11

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

Accepted Answer

It can have amplitudes of various sizes

Question 12

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}}$$

Question 13

A patient with multiple sclerosis experiences slowed nerve conduction. Which structural change in the nervous system is most directly responsible for this symptom?

Accepted Answer

Deterioration of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in the CNS

Question 14

Which glial cell type is primarily responsible for forming the blood-brain barrier and regulating the chemical environment of neurons in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Astrocytes

Question 15

Which process is essential for the regeneration of damaged axons in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a regeneration tube by Schwann cells

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from node to node via saltatory conduction

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 18

During the absolute refractory period of an action potential, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

No stimulus of any strength will trigger another action potential

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during an action potential?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

Question 20

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a way to clear neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?

Accepted Answer

Active transport into the postsynaptic neuron

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