Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between neurotransmitters and hormones in long-distance signaling?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters act rapidly and locally (cell-to-cell), while hormones act slowly and are transported over long distances in blood or lymph vessels.

Question 2

A patient has a genetic mutation that prevents the formation of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. Which supporting cell type is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE regarding glial cells in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Glial cells outnumber neurons by approximately 15:1 and most retain mitotic ability.

Question 4

Which type of chemical signaling involves a cell releasing a signal that acts on itself?

Accepted Answer

Autocrine signaling

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin sheaths allow action potentials to jump between nodes of Ranvier, speeding up conduction.

Question 6

A researcher is studying the effect of neurotransmitters on muscle contraction. Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with excitatory signaling at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Regulating the composition of extracellular fluid and helping form the blood-brain barrier

Question 8

Which equation best represents the relationship between the speed of action potential conduction ($$v) $$and the presence of myelin?

Accepted Answer

$$v_{myelinated} \u003e v_{unmyelinated}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of microglia in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They act as macrophages, phagocytizing debris and remodeling synapses.

Question 10

A patient is unable to sense pain after a nerve injury. Which type of sensory receptor is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Nociceptors

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE about the organization of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 12

Which supporting cell type in the PNS surrounds neuron cell bodies and regulates the external chemical environment?

Accepted Answer

Satellite cells

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the functional divisions of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sensory input → Integration → Motor output

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of ependymal cells in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

They circulate cerebrospinal fluid with cilia to cushion and nourish the CNS.

Question 15

Which type of neuron is most common in the human nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Multipolar neuron

Question 16

A toxin blocks the function of satellite cells in the PNS. Which of the following effects would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Disrupted regulation of the external chemical environment around neuron cell bodies

Question 17

Which of the following is a property of neurons that distinguishes them from most glial cells?

Accepted Answer

Extreme longevity and high metabolic rate

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of dendrites in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Receive input signals and increase surface area for incoming messages

Question 19

Which equation best represents the metabolic demand of the brain compared to its mass?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Brain mass} = 2\% 	ext{ of body mass}$$, $$	ext{Brain energy use} = 20\% 	ext{ of total body energy}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE about the nodes of Ranvier?

Accepted Answer

They are gaps between myelin sheaths that facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials.

Lecture #12

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