Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

To coordinate and integrate bodily functions by transmitting electrical and chemical signals

Question 2

A patient suffers damage to the myelin sheath of peripheral neurons. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Slower conduction velocity of action potentials along affected axons

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($$E_{ion}) of an $$ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[ion]_{out}}{[ion]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 4

During the absolute refractory period of an action potential, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated and cannot reopen immediately

Question 5

Which of the following best distinguishes between chemical and electrical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Electrical synapses allow direct ionic current flow between cells, while chemical synapses use neurotransmitter release

Question 6

A neuron receives both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs). Which process determines whether an action potential will be generated?

Accepted Answer

Spatial and temporal summation of all EPSPs and IPSPs at the axon hillock

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 8

A patient is exposed to a drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Which physiological effect would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate due to reduced parasympathetic activity

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct pathway for the transmission of visual information from the retina to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Photoreceptors → bipolar cells → ganglion cells → optic nerve → occipital lobe

Question 10

Which formula best represents the calculation of conduction velocity ($$v) in a $$myelinated axon?

Accepted Answer

$$v \propto d$$, where $$d is $$the diameter of the axon

Question 11

Which of the following statements about rods and cones in the retina is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cones are responsible for color vision and function best in bright light

Question 12

A patient presents with loss of sympathetic tone. Which of the following symptoms is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division at most target organs?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 15

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the somatic nervous system compared to the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It has a single neuron pathway from the CNS to the effector

Question 16

A patient has a lesion in the occipital lobe. Which sensory function is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Vision

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the difference between EPSPs and IPSPs?

Accepted Answer

EPSPs depolarize the postsynaptic membrane, increasing the likelihood of an action potential; IPSPs hyperpolarize it, decreasing the likelihood

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of layers in the human eyeball from outermost to innermost?

Accepted Answer

Sclera → choroid → retina

Question 19

A patient is unable to focus on near objects (presbyopia). Which anatomical change in the eye is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Loss of elasticity in the lens

Nervous System and Special Senses: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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