Q: Which of the following best describes the difference between fast and slow axonal transport in neurons?

Fast axonal transport uses ATP and Ca$^{2+}$, while slow axonal transport relies on passive diffusion.

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between fast and slow axonal transport in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Fast axonal transport uses ATP and Ca$^{2+}$, while slow axonal transport relies on passive diffusion.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness due to impaired synaptic transmission. Which part of the synapse is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Presynaptic knob

Question 3

Which equation is used to predict the effect of all ions on the membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation: $V_m = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \left( \frac{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{out} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{out} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{in}}{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{in} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{in} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{out}} \right)$

Question 4

During an action potential, which ion is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase?

Accepted Answer

Na$^{+}$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the 'all-or-none' phenomenon of action potentials?

Accepted Answer

An action potential is only generated if the membrane potential reaches threshold; otherwise, no action potential occurs.

Question 6

A patient with demyelinating disease shows slowed nerve conduction. What is the physiological basis for this symptom?

Accepted Answer

Loss of myelin disrupts saltatory conduction, causing action potentials to propagate more slowly.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Formation of myelin sheath around axons

Question 8

If the extracellular concentration of K$^{+}$ increases, what effect does this have on the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

Accepted Answer

RMP becomes less negative (depolarizes)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between graded potentials and action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials vary in amplitude and can summate; action potentials are all-or-none and do not summate.

Question 10

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting olfactory information?

Accepted Answer

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory nerve)

Question 11

A patient has difficulty focusing on near objects due to inability to change lens shape. Which process is impaired?

Accepted Answer

Accommodation

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a somatic sense?

Accepted Answer

Vision

Question 13

Which property allows the CNS to distinguish between different types of sensory stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Modality

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate

Question 16

Which equation describes the equilibrium potential for a single ion?

Accepted Answer

Nernst equation: $E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[ion]_{out}}{[ion]_{in}} \right)$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes saltatory conduction?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next along myelinated axons.

Question 18

Which sensory receptor is responsible for detecting changes in blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor

Question 19

A patient is unable to distinguish between two points touched closely together on the skin. Which property of sensory processing is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Lateral inhibition

Question 20

Which of the following is a result of increased parasympathetic stimulation?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate

Neurophysiology and Sensory Systems: Exam 2 Study Guide

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