Question 1

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between nuclei and ganglia in the organization of neurons?

Accepted Answer

Nuclei are clusters of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system, while ganglia are clusters in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 2

In the analogy comparing the nervous system to a restaurant, what does the 'kitchen' represent?

Accepted Answer

The central nervous system where information is processed and interpreted.

Question 3

Which type of glial cell is responsible for forming myelin in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 4

What is the primary function of the Node of Ranvier in a myelinated axon?

Accepted Answer

To allow for saltatory conduction of action potentials.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of leak channels in neurons?

Accepted Answer

They are always open and contribute to the resting membrane potential.

Question 6

A neuron at rest has a high concentration of potassium ions ($$K^+) $$inside the cell and a high concentration of sodium ions ($$Na^+) $$outside the cell. What is the main reason for this distribution?

Accepted Answer

Active transport by the sodium-potassium pump ($$3\ Na^+\ out,\ 2\ K^+\ in).$$

Question 7

Which equation would you use to calculate the equilibrium potential for potassium ($$K^+) in a $$neuron?

Accepted Answer

$$E_K = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{out}}{[K^+]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 8

If the membrane potential of a neuron is at $$-70\ mV$$, which ion is primarily responsible for maintaining this resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

$$K^+$$ due to its leak channels and high permeability at rest.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium pump is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It is electrogenic, removing a net positive charge from the cell.

Question 10

A patient presents with demyelination in the peripheral nervous system. Which cell type is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cells

Question 11

Which type of ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated channel

Question 12

During the generation of an action potential, what is the significance of reaching the threshold potential?

Accepted Answer

It triggers the opening of voltage-gated $$Na^+$$ channels, initiating the action potential.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why graded potentials are decremental?

Accepted Answer

They decrease in amplitude as they spread from the site of origin due to leakage of charge.

Question 14

A neuron receives multiple excitatory and inhibitory inputs. What process determines whether an action potential will be generated?

Accepted Answer

Summation of all postsynaptic potentials to reach threshold.

Question 15

Which glial cell type is primarily involved in immune defense within the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Microglial cell

Question 16

If a mutation caused voltage-gated $$Na^+$$ channels to remain closed, what would be the most immediate effect on neuronal signaling?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials would fail to initiate.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of information in the nervous system, using the restaurant analogy?

Accepted Answer

Sensory input enters the 'back door', is processed in the CNS ('kitchen'), and motor output exits through the 'front door'.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of the sodium-potassium pump on the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It has an indirect effect by maintaining ion concentration gradients.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

Accepted Answer

Interpreting signals and integrating information.

Organization and Physiology of Neurons and Glial Cells

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