Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of cardiac output?

$$\mathrm{Cardiac\ Output = Heart\ Rate \times Stroke\ Volume}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which oxygen is transported in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells

Question 2

A patient presents with increased blood CO$$_2$$ levels and decreased blood pH. Which equation best describes the chemical reaction responsible for this change?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow $$HCO_3$$^- + H^+}$$

Question 3

Which of the following would most likely result in an increase in systemic blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased sympathetic nervous system activity

Question 4

During exercise, which physiological change occurs to increase oxygen delivery to skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and vasodilation of muscle arterioles

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Cardiac\ Output = Heart\ Rate 	imes Stroke\ Volume}$$

Question 6

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is likely to have which of the following changes in their arterial blood gases?

Accepted Answer

Increased CO$$_2$$ and decreased pH

Question 7

Which pressure difference is responsible for the bulk flow of fluid out of capillaries into the interstitial space?

Accepted Answer

Difference between plasma osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the systemic circulation, which requires higher pressure

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole

Question 10

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which compensatory mechanism will the respiratory system use to help restore pH balance?

Accepted Answer

Increase respiratory rate to expel CO$$_2$$

Question 11

Which of the following formulas correctly calculates the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{P_{gas} = Fraction_{gas} 	imes Total\ Pressure}$$

Question 12

Which of the following changes would most likely increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Dilation of afferent arterioles

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of cardiac muscle fibers, the greater the force of contraction

Question 14

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety. What effect will this have on their blood pH and CO$$_2$$ levels?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH will increase and CO$$_2$$ will decrease

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{MAP = Diastolic\ Pressure + \frac{1}{3} (Systolic\ Pressure - Diastolic\ Pressure)}$$

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely result in edema?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma osmotic pressure

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Decreases surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating tidal volume (TV) using minute ventilation (VE) and respiratory rate (RR)?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{TV = \frac{VE}{RR}}$$

Question 19

A patient with severe dehydration is likely to have which of the following changes in blood pressure and capillary filtration?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood pressure and decreased capillary filtration

Physiology Exam 4 Study Guide: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Renal Systems

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