Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why proteins have such a wide variety of functions in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are made of amino acids, each with a unique R group, allowing for diverse 3D shapes and functions.

Question 2

A peptide bond is formed between two amino acids by which type of chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

Condensation reaction, which releases water.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the structure of a generalized amino acid?

Accepted Answer

A central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group ($H_2N$), a carboxyl group ($COOH$), and a variable R group.

Question 4

Which protein is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood, and what is its structural feature that enables this function?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin; it contains four heme groups, each with an iron atom that binds oxygen.

Question 5

A patient with sickle cell anemia has a mutation in the hemoglobin protein. What is the direct molecular consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

A change in the primary sequence of amino acids, leading to abnormal protein folding and function.

Question 6

Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause denaturation of a protein in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to extreme pH values, such as pH 2 or pH 12.

Question 7

Why is 70% alcohol more effective than 95% alcohol for disinfecting medical instruments?

Accepted Answer

70% alcohol denatures proteins inside bacterial cells, while 95% alcohol coagulates proteins on the surface, preventing penetration.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between protein structure and function?

Accepted Answer

A protein must maintain its correct 3D shape to be functional; loss of structure leads to loss of function.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage in the form of starch.

Question 10

Given the formula for the number of possible protein sequences: $20^N$, where $N$ is the number of amino acids in the chain, how many unique sequences are possible for a protein that is 4 amino acids long?

Accepted Answer

$20^4 = 160,000$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between fibrous and globular proteins?

Accepted Answer

Fibrous proteins are long and provide structural support, while globular proteins are round and serve diverse functions such as enzymes and transporters.

Question 12

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in the renaturation of a denatured protein?

Accepted Answer

Restoring the protein to its original environment after removing the denaturing agent.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a condensation reaction in protein chemistry?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids, releasing water: $	ext{Amino Acid}_1 + 	ext{Amino Acid}_2 ightarrow 	ext{Dipeptide} + H_2O$

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the 'lock and key' model of enzyme function?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme's active site is complementary in shape to the substrate, allowing specific binding and catalysis.

Question 15

A chef accidentally overheats a protein-rich sauce. What is the most likely molecular outcome for the proteins in the sauce?

Accepted Answer

The proteins will denature, losing their 3D structure and functional properties.

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct consequence of protein denaturation in the human body during a high fever?

Accepted Answer

Loss of enzyme activity, leading to impaired cellular functions.

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding the role of R groups in amino acids?

Accepted Answer

R groups vary among amino acids and influence the protein's folding and function.

Question 18

Which of the following proteins is most likely to be found in connective tissue and provide structural support?

Accepted Answer

Collagen, a fibrous protein.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis in protein breakdown?

Accepted Answer

Addition of water to break peptide bonds, releasing individual amino acids: $	ext{Polypeptide} + H_2O ightarrow 	ext{Amino Acids}$

Proteins: Structure, Function, and Importance in Anatomy & Physiology

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