Q: Which of the following equations best represents the process of glycogen synthesis promoted by insulin in the liver?

$$\text{Glucose} \xrightarrow{\text{Insulin}} \text{Glycogen}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary hormonal regulator of metabolism during the absorptive state?

Accepted Answer

Insulin, which promotes glucose uptake and energy storage

Question 2

A patient consumes a high-protein, low-carbohydrate meal. Which of the following best explains the simultaneous increase in both insulin and glucagon secretion?

Accepted Answer

High amino acid levels stimulate insulin, but low glucose stimulates glucagon to prevent hypoglycemia

Question 3

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin on target cells during the absorptive state?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates insertion of GLUT4 transporters in most cell membranes

Question 4

During the postabsorptive state, which process is primarily promoted by glucagon in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 5

A person is experiencing hypoglycemia (blood glucose \u003c 60 mg/dL). Which hormonal changes would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased insulin and increased glucagon secretion

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why skeletal muscle does not respond to direct sympathetic neural stimulation for glycogenolysis, but the liver does?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle lacks adrenergic receptors for sympathetic stimulation

Question 7

Which of the following is a consequence of decreased insulin or insulin response in diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Increased glucagon secretion, leading to hyperglycemia and ketosis

Question 8

Which of the following equations best represents the process of glycogen synthesis promoted by insulin in the liver?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Glucose} \xrightarrow{	ext{Insulin}} 	ext{Glycogen}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of epinephrine during the postabsorptive state?

Accepted Answer

Suppresses insulin release and stimulates glucagon release

Question 10

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is not taking insulin. Which of the following metabolic changes would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose, increased lipolysis, and metabolic acidosis

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why both insulin and glucagon secretion increase after a high-protein, low-carbohydrate meal?

Accepted Answer

Amino acids stimulate insulin, but low glucose triggers glucagon to prevent hypoglycemia

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a direct action of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Promoting lipolysis in adipose tissue

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback control of blood glucose by insulin and glucagon?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers glucose; low blood glucose stimulates glucagon release, which raises glucose

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the role of GLUT4 transporters in glucose homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

GLUT4 is inserted into cell membranes in response to insulin, increasing glucose uptake in most cells

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activity on pancreatic hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Decreases insulin and increases glucagon secretion

Question 16

A person is in the postabsorptive state and begins vigorous exercise. Which of the following metabolic changes would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Increased glucagon and epinephrine secretion, promoting glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic sign of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased plasma epinephrine on pancreatic hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Decreases insulin and increases glucagon secretion

Question 19

Which of the following metabolic pathways is promoted by glucagon during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why metabolic acidosis (ketoacidosis) can occur in untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Lack of insulin leads to increased lipolysis and ketone body production

Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth: Endocrine System (Chapter 21c)

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