Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose levels by gluconeogenesis during fasting

Question 2

A drop of water filtered at Bowman’s capsule will pass through which of the following sequences before leaving the body as urine?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the anatomical relationship between the vascular and tubular elements of the nephron?

Accepted Answer

The peritubular capillaries surround the nephron tubules, allowing exchange of substances between blood and filtrate.

Question 4

Which of the following correctly matches the process with its direction of solute movement in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Filtration: from blood into the nephron lumen

Question 5

As filtrate passes through the nephron, which section is primarily responsible for the greatest decrease in filtrate volume?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a component of the glomerular filtration barrier?

Accepted Answer

Peritubular capillary wall

Question 7

Which pressure opposes glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Capsule fluid hydrostatic pressure

Question 8

Given the following values, calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) at the glomerulus:

$$P_	ext{GC} = 55\ 	ext{mmHg} ($$glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure)

$$P_	ext{BC} = 15\ 	ext{mmHg} ($$Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure)

$$\pi_	ext{GC} = 30\ 	ext{mmHg} ($$glomerular capillary oncotic pressure)

$$	ext{NFP} = P_	ext{GC} - P_	ext{BC} - \pi_	ext{GC}$$

Accepted Answer

$$10\ 	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 9

Which of the following would most likely increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Dilation of the afferent arteriole

Question 10

Tubuloglomerular feedback is a mechanism that:

Accepted Answer

Autoregulates GFR by sensing NaCl delivery to the macula densa and adjusting afferent arteriole resistance

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between transcellular and paracellular transport in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Transcellular transport moves substances through the epithelial cells, while paracellular transport moves substances between the cells through tight junctions.

Question 12

Glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule by which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Secondary active transport with Na+ on the apical membrane and facilitated diffusion via GLUT on the basolateral membrane

Question 13

If the plasma concentration of glucose exceeds the transport maximum ($$T_	ext{m}) of $$the proximal tubule, what will happen?

Accepted Answer

Glucose will begin to appear in the urine

Question 14

Which equation correctly describes the excretion rate of a solute in the urine?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Excretion} = 	ext{Filtration} - 	ext{Reabsorption} + 	ext{Secretion}$$

Question 15

A patient is given penicillin, which is rapidly cleared from the blood by the kidneys. Which process is primarily responsible for the elimination of penicillin in the proximal tubule?

Accepted Answer

Tubular secretion via active transport

Question 16

Which of the following is a typical average value for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy adult?

Accepted Answer

$$125\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios would most likely decrease renal blood flow and GFR?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why protein is normally absent from the urine?

Accepted Answer

The glomerular filtration barrier prevents large molecules like proteins from passing into the filtrate

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of passive reabsorption in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Water reabsorption by osmosis in the proximal tubule

Question 20

A patient with a plasma glucose concentration of $$400\ 	ext{mg/dL}$$ has a transport maximum ($$T_	ext{m}) $$for glucose reabsorption of $$375\ 	ext{mg/min}. If $$the GFR is $$125\ 	ext{mL/min}$$, what is the rate of glucose excretion in the urine?

Use:

$$	ext{Filtered load} = 	ext{GFR} 	imes 	ext{Plasma concentration}$$

$$	ext{Excretion} = 	ext{Filtered load} - T_	ext{m}$$

Accepted Answer

$$125\ 	ext{mL/min} 	imes 400\ 	ext{mg/dL} = 500\ 	ext{mg/min}$$; $$500 - 375 = 125\ 	ext{mg/min}$$ excreted

Renal Physiology: Structure, Function, and Processes of the Kidney

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