Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between cancellous (spongy) bone and compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Cancellous bone contains trabeculae and is lighter, while compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones.

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture in the femur. Which of the following correctly lists the steps of fracture repair in order?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation $\rightarrow$ Fibrocartilaginous callus formation $\rightarrow$ Bony callus formation $\rightarrow$ Bone remodeling

Question 3

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 4

A 12-year-old is experiencing rapid growth. Which structure in the long bone is primarily responsible for this growth, and what process occurs there?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate; endochondral ossification

Question 5

Which of the following best describes Wolff's Law?

Accepted Answer

Bone grows and remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it.

Question 6

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for which of the following, and what is a common treatment?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of fractures; treatment often includes bisphosphonates and weight-bearing exercise.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct classification of bones based on shape?

Accepted Answer

Vertebra: Irregular bone

Question 8

During endochondral ossification, which event occurs first?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a bone collar around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of bursae in synovial joints?

Accepted Answer

They reduce friction between moving structures such as tendons and bones.

Question 10

A patient presents with a sprain. Which of the following best describes this injury?

Accepted Answer

A sprain is a tear or stretch of a ligament.

Question 11

Which of the following is a non-angular motion at a synovial joint?

Accepted Answer

Gliding

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Striated, branched cells with intercalated discs

Question 13

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 14

During muscle contraction, which ion binds to troponin to allow cross-bridge formation?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($\mathrm{Ca^{2+}}$)

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the overload principle in exercise physiology?

Accepted Answer

Muscles adapt and grow stronger when subjected to stress greater than they are accustomed to.

Question 16

A marathon runner primarily uses which type of muscle fibers, and why?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers, because they are efficient at using oxygen for sustained activity.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Release of calcium $\rightarrow$ ATP hydrolysis $\rightarrow$ Cross-bridge formation $\rightarrow$ Power stroke

Question 18

Which muscle acts as the prime mover (agonist) during elbow flexion?

Accepted Answer

Biceps brachii

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP is required to detach the myosin head from actin after the power stroke.

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with muscular dystrophy. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

A group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles.

Skeletal and Muscular Systems: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions