Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose levels

Question 2

The periosteum is essential for bone health. Which statement best describes its composition and function?

Accepted Answer

It is a dense connective tissue layer containing nerves and blood vessels, serving as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments.

Question 3

Perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers) serve which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

They anchor the periosteum to the underlying bone matrix.

Question 4

Which of the following best differentiates compact bone from spongy bone in terms of function?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone provides strength for weight-bearing, while spongy bone facilitates lightweight support and houses marrow.

Question 5

What is the primary function of the endosteum?

Accepted Answer

It lines the internal surfaces of bone and contains cells involved in bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

Question 6

Epiphyseal plates and lines are important in bone development. Which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plates are regions of hyaline cartilage that allow for longitudinal bone growth; epiphyseal lines are remnants after growth ceases.

Question 7

Sinuses within bones serve which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

They reduce the weight of the skull and help resonate sound.

Question 8

How do short, flat, irregular, long, and sesamoid bones receive their blood supply?

Accepted Answer

Through nutrient arteries entering via foramina and periosteal vessels supplying the outer layers.

Question 9

Which statement correctly describes the function and composition of red and yellow bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Red marrow produces blood cells and contains hematopoietic tissue; yellow marrow stores fat and consists mainly of adipocytes.

Question 10

Which of the following best differentiates the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone?

Accepted Answer

Bone ECM contains collagen fibers for flexibility and hydroxyapatite crystals for strength.

Question 11

Which of the following correctly matches the three types of bone cells with their primary functions?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts build bone, osteoclasts break down bone, osteocytes maintain bone tissue.

Question 12

What is the function of the central canal (Haversian canal) in compact bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

It contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the osteon.

Question 13

Canaliculi in bone tissue serve which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

They allow for communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes.

Question 14

Which of the following best differentiates concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae, and circumferential lamellae in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Concentric lamellae form rings around the central canal; interstitial lamellae fill spaces between osteons; circumferential lamellae encircle the entire bone beneath the periosteum.

Question 15

A patient presents with a fracture that is slow to heal. Which structure, if damaged, would most likely impair bone repair due to its role in housing bone-forming cells?

Accepted Answer

Endosteum

Question 16

During childhood, which process is most directly responsible for the lengthening of long bones?

Accepted Answer

Growth at the epiphyseal plate

Question 17

Which equation best represents the mineralization process in bone ECM?

Accepted Answer

$Ca^{2+} + PO_4^{3-} \rightarrow Ca_5(PO_4)_3OH$

Question 18

A patient with osteoporosis has decreased bone density. Which bone cell type is most likely overactive?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 19

Which real-life scenario best illustrates the function of perforating fibers?

Accepted Answer

A tendon remains firmly attached to bone during vigorous exercise due to the anchoring effect of perforating fibers.

Question 20

Which type of bone is most likely to contain a large amount of red marrow in adults, and why?

Accepted Answer

Flat bones, because they are sites of hematopoiesis.

Skeletal System: Structure, Function, and Cellular Components

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