Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones

Question 2

Bone matrix is composed of both organic and inorganic components. Which of the following best describes the role of the organic portion?

Accepted Answer

Provides flexible strength

Question 3

A patient with defective osteoclasts is likely to develop which condition, and what is the primary consequence?

Accepted Answer

Osteopetrosis; bones become overgrown and brittle

Question 4

Which bone cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption, and what is the main metabolic consequence of this activity?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; mobilization of calcium and phosphate ions

Question 5

During bone resorption, osteoclasts release acidic vesicles containing H$$^+$$ ions and enzymes. What is the effect of this process on the bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

It dissolves hydroxyapatite and degrades organic matrix

Question 6

Which structure in compact bone allows osteocytes to communicate and exchange nutrients?

Accepted Answer

Canaliculi

Question 7

A long bone's diaphysis surrounds a cavity filled with bone marrow. Which type of marrow is primarily responsible for blood cell production in adults?

Accepted Answer

Red marrow

Question 8

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and reducing calcium loss in urine?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 9

Which process describes the formation of new bone on the surface of old bone, increasing bone thickness?

Accepted Answer

Appositional growth

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why trabeculae in spongy bone are oriented along lines of mechanical stress?

Accepted Answer

To help the bone bear weight and resist bending

Question 11

A child with vitamin D deficiency is likely to have impaired bone mineralization. Which equation best represents the conversion of vitamin D to its active form?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Vitamin\ D_3$} \rightarrow \mathrm{Calcidiol\ (liver)} \rightarrow \mathrm{Calcitriol\ (kidney)}$$

Question 12

Which of the following bone classifications is correctly matched with its description?

Accepted Answer

Flat bones: spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Maintain the extracellular matrix and communicate via canaliculi

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It contains an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer with osteogenic cells

Question 15

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is correct?

Accepted Answer

In adults, bone formation and resorption occur simultaneously and are balanced

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone develops from a cartilage model formed by chondroblasts

Question 17

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is responsible for actively dividing chondrocytes and secretion of extracellular matrix?

Accepted Answer

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Question 18

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis in bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why estrogen has a more potent effect on epiphyseal plate closure than testosterone?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen more strongly inhibits chondrocyte division in the epiphyseal plate

Question 20

A patient presents with excessive bone resorption and formation of unstable bone. Which disease is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease)

Skeletal System: Structure, Function, and Development

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