Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structural unit of spongy bone, and what is it typically filled with?

Accepted Answer

Trabecula; filled with red bone marrow

Question 2

The osteon is the structural unit of compact bone. Which of the following best describes its function?

Accepted Answer

Provides strength and allows for passage of blood vessels and nerves

Question 3

Which cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption during bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Question 4

Endochondral ossification is a process that forms most bones in the body. Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Formation of bone collar, development of primary ossification center, invasion of blood vessels, formation of secondary ossification center

Question 5

Which hormone increases calcium deposition in bones and is released in response to high blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 6

A patient suffers a fracture in the shaft of their femur. Which of the following correctly lists the steps of bone repair in order?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoblasts?

Accepted Answer

Build new bone matrix by secreting osteoid

Question 8

Which two bones form the bony nasal septum?

Accepted Answer

Vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

Question 9

Which ligament stabilizes the shoulder joint posteriorly?

Accepted Answer

Glenohumeral ligament

Question 10

Which carpal bone has a hook and is located in the distal row?

Accepted Answer

Hamate

Question 11

During longitudinal bone growth at the epiphyseal plate, which layer is responsible for actively dividing chondrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Proliferation zone

Question 12

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between bone density ($D$), mass ($m$), and volume ($V$)?

Accepted Answer

$D = \frac{m}{V}$

Question 13

A patient with low blood calcium is likely to have increased secretion of which hormone, and what is its effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; increases bone resorption

Question 14

Which process is responsible for the formation of flat bones such as those of the skull?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Maintain bone tissue and sense mechanical stress

Question 16

On the inferior view of the skull, which two rounded areas just lateral and slightly anterior to the foramen magnum articulate with the first cervical vertebra?

Accepted Answer

Occipital condyles

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct multi-step application of bone growth concepts: If a child has a genetic defect that impairs chondrocyte proliferation in the epiphyseal plate, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The child will have stunted longitudinal bone growth, resulting in shorter stature.

Question 18

Which structure forms the rounded projection on the medial proximal end of the humerus?

Accepted Answer

Lesser tubercle

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why bone remodeling is an ongoing process throughout life?

Accepted Answer

It maintains calcium homeostasis and repairs microdamage from daily activities.

Question 20

A large bony ridge runs obliquely from the lateral border of the scapula to the acromion. What is this structure called?

Accepted Answer

Spine of the scapula

Skeletal System: Structure, Function, and Physiology Study Guide

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