Question 1

Which of the following best describes the classification of hormones based on their chemical structure?

Accepted Answer

Hormones are classified as either amino acid-based or steroid-based; most hormones are amino acid-based.

Question 2

Which of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with its solubility and receptor location?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol: lipid-soluble, binds to intracellular receptors

Question 3

Which of the following is an exception to the general solubility rule for hormone groups?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone is an amino acid-based hormone but is lipid-soluble.

Question 4

A patient presents with weight loss, heat intolerance, and increased heart rate. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of thyroid hormone. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus releases TRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH, which then stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone.

Question 6

Which of the following is a common cause of hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose by insulin and glucagon?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake into cells; glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.

Question 8

A patient with type 1 diabetes forgets to take their insulin. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Blood glucose levels will rise due to lack of cellular uptake.

Question 9

Which of the following correctly lists the three phases of hemostasis in order?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 10

What normally prevents platelets from sticking to the blood vessel wall under healthy conditions?

Accepted Answer

The endothelium releases nitric oxide and prostacyclin, which inhibit platelet aggregation.

Question 11

Which process is primarily responsible for the elimination of blood clots after healing?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinolysis

Question 12

Which component of the heart's conduction system acts as the pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the spread of action potential through the heart's conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 14

Cardiac output ($$CO) is $$defined by which of the following equations?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 15

A patient is hemorrhaging after a car accident. Which of the following best describes the effect on venous return (preload), stroke volume, and heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Venous return and stroke volume decrease; heart rate increases to compensate.

Question 16

If hemorrhaging is severe and not corrected, what could happen to cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output will decrease significantly, potentially leading to shock.

Question 17

Which of the following variables directly affect cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Heart rate and stroke volume

Question 18

A patient with a mutation causing defective prostacyclin production is at increased risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Inappropriate platelet aggregation and thrombosis

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates negative feedback in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Elevated thyroid hormone levels inhibit TSH and TRH secretion.

Question 20

A patient with liver failure is unable to produce sufficient clotting factors. Which phase of hemostasis is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation

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