Question 1

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of blood flow through the heart, starting from the systemic veins?

Accepted Answer

Inferior and superior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta

Question 2

Which property of cardiac muscle allows it to contract without neural stimulation, and what is the term for this property?

Accepted Answer

Automaticity; the ability to generate action potentials independently

Question 3

Which vessel supplies oxygenated blood to the myocardium, and what is the significance of collateral circulation in this context?

Accepted Answer

Coronary arteries; collateral circulation provides alternative routes for blood flow if a main vessel is blocked

Question 4

Which component of the heart's conduction system initiates the heartbeat, and what is its typical intrinsic rate?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node; $$60-100$$ beats per minute

Question 5

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic innervation refers to the heart's own conduction system; extrinsic innervation involves autonomic nervous system regulation

Question 6

A patient presents with a nodal block. Which type is most severe and why?

Accepted Answer

Third-degree (complete) AV block; because no impulses are transmitted from atria to ventricles, leading to independent rhythms

Question 7

What does an ECG measure, and which part corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

Electrical activity of the heart; QRS complex

Question 8

Which of the following factors increases heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Increased sympathetic stimulation

Question 9

What causes the normal 'lub-dub' heart sounds, and what is a murmur?

Accepted Answer

Closure of AV and semilunar valves; murmur is an abnormal sound due to turbulent blood flow

Question 10

Given the following values: $$EDV = 120\,mL$$, $$ESV = 50\,mL$$, calculate stroke volume ($$SV) $$using the correct formula.

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 120\,mL - 50\,mL = 70\,mL$$

Question 11

Which factor would most likely increase end systolic volume ($$ESV$$)?

Accepted Answer

Decreased contractility

Question 12

During the cardiac cycle, which event corresponds to the highest pressure in the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular systole (ejection phase)

Question 13

Starling’s law of the heart states that:

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of cardiac muscle fibers (preload), the greater the force of contraction

Question 14

A patient in the emergency room is diagnosed with hypovolemic shock. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Shock caused by severe loss of blood volume, leading to decreased cardiac output

Question 15

What is the relationship between coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery disease can lead to myocardial infarction by reducing blood flow to the heart muscle

Question 16

Cor pulmonale is most commonly associated with which condition?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary hypertension

Question 17

Cardiac tamponade is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Compression of the heart due to accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

Question 18

Which of the following is a major difference between left-sided and right-sided heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary congestion; right-sided heart failure leads to systemic edema

Question 19

A patient with pulmonary hypertension is at risk for which type of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)

Question 20

Which arrhythmia discussed in class is characterized by rapid, irregular atrial contractions and increases the risk of stroke?

Accepted Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Step-by-Step Guidance for Cardiovascular System - Heart (ANP College Course)

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