Question 1

Edward Jenner's pioneering experiment in immunology involved inoculating individuals with material from cowpox lesions to confer resistance to which disease?

Accepted Answer

Smallpox

Question 2

Which of the following best describes a key difference between the innate and adaptive immune responses?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides immediate defense, while adaptive immunity develops over time and is specific to antigens.

Question 3

All immune cells originate from a single type of stem cell. What is this cell called, and where is it located?

Accepted Answer

Hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow

Question 4

T-cells mature in which organ, and what is the significance of this location for their development?

Accepted Answer

Thymus; it allows T-cells to undergo selection for self-tolerance

Question 5

Which of the following cells arise from the lymphoid lineage, and are all of them part of the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

B-cells, T-cells, and NK cells; only NK cells are part of the innate immune system

Question 6

Which immune cells arise from the myeloid lineage, and are they part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells; most are part of the innate immune system

Question 7

Neutrophils play a crucial role in microbial clearance. Which mechanism do they primarily use?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis and release of antimicrobial granules

Question 8

Which of the following are considered the main types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells

Question 9

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells are distinguished by their CD markers. What are the correct CD designations?

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells: CD4; Cytotoxic T cells: CD8

Question 10

Which cells are responsible for secreting large volumes of antibody during an immune response?

Accepted Answer

Plasma cells

Question 11

Granulocytes are named for their cytoplasmic granules. Which of the following are considered granulocytes?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 12

Which organs are considered major secondary lymphoid organs?

Accepted Answer

Spleen and lymph nodes

Question 13

In the lymph node, which type of cells are predominantly found in the parafollicular zone?

Accepted Answer

T-cells

Question 14

What is the primary function of High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) in lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

To facilitate the entry of lymphocytes from the blood into the lymph node

Question 15

MALT is an important component of the immune system. What does MALT stand for, and why is it significant?

Accepted Answer

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue; it provides immune defense at mucosal surfaces

Question 16

Why is the cutaneous immune system important in human health?

Accepted Answer

It provides a barrier and immune defense against pathogens entering through the skin

Question 17

Which major type of T-lymphocyte is predominantly found in the skin?

Accepted Answer

Gamma delta ($$ \gamma\delta ) T $$cells

Question 18

During an infection, which type of lymphocyte is most likely to migrate to the site of infection, and why?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T-cells; because they recognize and kill infected cells

Question 19

A patient presents with a deficiency in dendritic cells. Which aspect of their immune response is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Antigen presentation and activation of T-cells

Question 20

If a mutation prevents the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid lineage, which immune cell types would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells

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