Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the fovea centralis in the human retina?

Accepted Answer

It is the region with the highest density of cones, allowing for maximal visual acuity and color discrimination.

Question 2

During the development of the vertebrate eye, which embryological event leads to the formation of the neural retina?

Accepted Answer

The differentiation of the inner layer of the optic cup.

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with deuteranopia. Which of the following best explains the underlying defect?

Accepted Answer

Defect of the M cone, leading to green color blindness.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about rods and cones is correct?

Accepted Answer

Rods are suited for vision at low light levels, while cones distinguish colors.

Question 5

The absorption maxima for the three types of cones in the human retina are approximately:

Accepted Answer

$420\ \mathrm{nm},\ 530\ \mathrm{nm},\ 560\ \mathrm{nm}$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the optic disc creates a blind spot in the visual field?

Accepted Answer

It lacks photoreceptors because it is where the optic nerve exits the eye.

Question 7

A person with a defect in the auditory tube may have difficulty with which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

Equalizing the pressure of the middle ear with atmospheric pressure.

Question 8

Which of the following is a consequence of convergence in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Decreased visual resolution and increased light sensitivity.

Question 9

A patient presents with difficulty distinguishing red colors. Which type of cone is most likely defective?

Accepted Answer

L cone

Question 10

Which of the following structures is responsible for amplifying and transmitting sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?

Accepted Answer

Auditory ossicles

Question 11

A person is exposed to a sudden loud sound. Which muscle in the middle ear contracts to dampen the movement of the auditory ossicles and protect the inner ear?

Accepted Answer

Tensor tympani

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the external acoustic meatus?

Accepted Answer

It conducts sound waves to the tympanic membrane.

Question 13

In a clinical scenario, a patient has a blockage in the auditory tube. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of middle ear infections due to inability to equalize pressure.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the distribution of photoreceptors in the retina is correct?

Accepted Answer

The fovea centralis contains only cones and no rods.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the process by which light is converted into an electrical signal in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of light by rhodopsin or iodopsin triggers a signal cascade, leading to a change in membrane potential.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of bone conduction in hearing?

Accepted Answer

Hearing a tuning fork placed against the mastoid process.

Question 17

A lesion affecting the right optic tract after the optic chiasm would most likely result in which visual field defect?

Accepted Answer

Loss of vision in the left visual field of both eyes.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of ceruminous glands in the external acoustic meatus?

Accepted Answer

They produce cerumen (earwax) to protect the ear canal from dust and microorganisms.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the auricle is important for sound localization?

Accepted Answer

Its shape amplifies and directs sound waves into the external acoustic meatus, aiding in determining the direction of sound sources.

Structure and Function of the Retina and Auditory System: Human Biology/Histology Study Notes

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