Q: Which equation best represents the negative feedback control of erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia?

$\text{Hypoxia} \rightarrow \text{EPO secretion} \rightarrow \text{Increased RBC production} \rightarrow \text{Restored O}_2 \text{levels}$

Q: Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the intrinsic pathway of hemostasis?

$\text{Damaged endothelium} \rightarrow \text{Activation of clotting factors} \rightarrow \text{Prothrombinase formation} \rightarrow \text{Thrombin production} \rightarrow \text{Fibrin clot}$

Question 1

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of light as it travels through the eye to reach the photoreceptors?

Accepted Answer

Cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous humor → retina

Question 2

A patient presents with blurred vision that improves when they move objects farther away. Which abnormality of eye shape is most likely responsible, and what is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Myopia; the eyeball is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina

Question 3

Which equation best represents the negative feedback control of erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Hypoxia} ightarrow 	ext{EPO secretion} ightarrow 	ext{Increased RBC production} ightarrow 	ext{Restored O}_2 	ext{levels}$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble hormones require carrier proteins in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They are hydrophobic and cannot dissolve directly in plasma

Question 5

A patient with Graves’ disease exhibits symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Which hormone is overproduced, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone (TH); increases metabolic rate

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the maculae in the vestibular system?

Accepted Answer

Detects linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the structure and function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules due to its four heme groups

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the process of phototransduction in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of light energy into electrical signals by photoreceptors

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the intrinsic pathway of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Damaged endothelium} ightarrow 	ext{Activation of clotting factors} ightarrow 	ext{Prothrombinase formation} ightarrow 	ext{Thrombin production} ightarrow 	ext{Fibrin clot}$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?

Accepted Answer

Granulocytes contain visible cytoplasmic granules; agranulocytes do not

Question 11

A patient receives a blood transfusion and develops agglutination. Which of the following best explains this reaction?

Accepted Answer

The donor blood contained antigens incompatible with the recipient’s antibodies

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct match between a gland and the hormone it secretes, along with the hormone’s function?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal cortex; cortisol; increases blood glucose and suppresses inflammation

Question 13

Which of the following is required for a chemical to be perceived as a smell?

Accepted Answer

It must be volatile and dissolve in the mucus of the olfactory epithelium

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of papillae on the tongue?

Accepted Answer

They increase the surface area for taste buds and help manipulate food

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the pathway of sound from the external environment to the brain?

Accepted Answer

External ear → tympanic membrane → ossicles → cochlea → auditory nerve → brain

Question 16

Which of the following is a homeostatic imbalance associated with insulin?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus; inability to lower blood glucose levels

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of taste pores and taste hairs in gustation?

Accepted Answer

Taste pores allow dissolved chemicals to reach taste hairs, which detect the chemicals

Question 18

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between blood volume, hematocrit, and plasma volume after centrifugation?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Whole blood volume} = 	ext{Plasma volume} + 	ext{Buffy coat volume} + 	ext{Erythrocyte volume}$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between hormonal stimulation by humoral, neural, and hormonal mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Humoral stimulation is triggered by changes in blood levels of ions/nutrients; neural stimulation by nerve impulses; hormonal stimulation by other hormones

Study Guidance for ANP: Vision, Sensory Systems, Endocrine, and Blood

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