Q: Which equation represents the relationship between force, muscle cross-sectional area, and muscle fiber recruitment?

$$F = CSA \times \text{Recruitment Factor}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na-K pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell, maintaining a negative charge inside the cell.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, a disorder that affects myelination in the CNS. Which glial cell is primarily responsible for myelinating axons in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 3

During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which ion is primarily responsible for the rapid change in membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

Na+ ions moving into the cell

Question 4

Which equation best represents the calculation of the resting membrane potential using the Nernst equation for K+?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{K^+} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{out}}{[K^+]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes saltatory conduction?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, increasing conduction speed.

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 7

A muscle fiber is observed to have high myoglobin content, numerous mitochondria, and is resistant to fatigue. Which type of muscle fiber is this?

Accepted Answer

Slow twitch red

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the 'all-or-none' principle as it applies to muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

A muscle fiber contracts fully if the threshold stimulus is reached, or not at all if it is not.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Myelinating axons

Question 10

A patient presents with muscle atrophy after prolonged immobilization. Which term best describes the decrease in muscle size due to lack of use?

Accepted Answer

Atrophy

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of thick and thin filaments in the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myosin (thick) filaments slide past actin (thin) filaments, shortening the sarcomere.

Question 12

Which equation represents the relationship between force, muscle cross-sectional area, and muscle fiber recruitment?

Accepted Answer

$$F = CSA 	imes 	ext{Recruitment Factor}$$

Question 13

Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist) for flexion of the forearm at the elbow?

Accepted Answer

Biceps brachii

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Stores and releases calcium ions during muscle contraction

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Striated cells with intercalated discs and involuntary control

Question 16

Which neurotransmitter is most likely to produce an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

GABA

Question 17

Which of the following best describes temporal summation at a synapse?

Accepted Answer

A single presynaptic neuron fires rapidly, causing repeated EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 18

Which muscle is responsible for abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint?

Accepted Answer

Deltoid

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the motor end plate in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It is the region of the muscle fiber membrane that contains acetylcholine receptors.

Question 20

Which equation best represents the breakdown of creatine phosphate to regenerate ATP during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Creatine~phosphate} + ADP ightarrow 	ext{Creatine} + ATP$$

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