Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the blood.

Question 2

A patient presents with abnormally high blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be elevated, and what is its primary effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; stimulates bone deposition by osteoblasts.

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between bone length growth and the activity at the epiphyseal plate?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta L_{bone} = r_{chondrocyte~proliferation} - r_{ossification}$

Question 4

Which cell type is primarily responsible for bone deposition during bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts

Question 5

A child is diagnosed with achondroplastic dwarfism. Which anatomical feature is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

The epiphyseal plate fails to grow properly due to abnormal cartilage formation.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases osteoclast activity, raising blood calcium.

Question 7

During the repair of a bone fracture, which sequence of events is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation → fibrocartilaginous callus → bony callus → bone remodeling

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Gives bone its strength and rigidity due to collagen and hydroxyapatite.

Question 9

A patient with osteogenesis imperfecta is most likely to have a defect in which component of bone?

Accepted Answer

Collagen fibers in the ECM

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of calcitriol in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Calcitriol increases calcium absorption from the intestine.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling is important for maintaining calcium homeostasis and repairing microdamage.

Question 12

A patient with rickets is most likely deficient in which vitamin, and what is the consequence for bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D; impaired calcium absorption and poor bone mineralization

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between bone formation and bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Bone formation is the initial development of bone tissue, while bone growth is the increase in size and mass of existing bone.

Question 14

Which of the following equations best represents the effect of PTH on kidney calcium reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

$Ca^{2+}_{urine} = Ca^{2+}_{filtered} - Ca^{2+}_{reabsorbed}$

Question 15

Which of the following is a consequence of hypocalcemia on neuromuscular (NM) excitability?

Accepted Answer

Increased NM excitability due to lower threshold for action potentials.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteocytes maintain bone tissue and sense mechanical stress.

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding the arrangement of compact and spongy bone in a typical long bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone forms the outer layer of the diaphysis, while spongy bone is found in the epiphyses.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why bone remodeling is important in adults?

Accepted Answer

It maintains bone strength and mineral homeostasis.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the function of yellow marrow?

Accepted Answer

Yellow marrow stores fat and serves as an energy reserve.

Study Guide: Bone Structure, Function, and Calcium Homeostasis

Study Guide - Practice Questions