$$CO = 70 \times 75 = 5250 mL/$$min

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} \times 100$$

$$EF = \frac{60}{120} \times 100 = 50\%$$

Question 1

Which structure encloses the heart and provides protection, anchoring, and lubrication?

Accepted Answer

Pericardium

Question 2

A patient presents with chest pain and friction rub. Which condition is most likely responsible, and what is its primary etiology?

Accepted Answer

Pericarditis caused by viral infection

Question 3

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for contraction and contains intercalated discs?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 4

What is the primary function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle histology?

Accepted Answer

To allow rapid electrical communication between cells

Question 5

Cardiac hypertrophy is most commonly caused by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased workload due to hypertension

Question 6

Which sequence correctly describes the flow of blood through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 7

Which heart sound (S1 or S2) is associated with the closure of the atrioventricular valves?

Accepted Answer

S1

Question 8

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A bulging of the mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole

Question 9

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is primarily caused by:

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis leading to reduced blood flow

Question 10

Which blood test is most specific for diagnosing myocardial infarction (MI)?

Accepted Answer

Troponin I

Question 11

The conduction pathway of the heart begins with which structure?

Accepted Answer

SA node

Question 12

During which wave of the ECG does ventricular depolarization occur?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 13

Why are slow calcium channels important in cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

They prolong the action potential, preventing tetanus

Question 14

ST elevation on an ECG is most indicative of which clinical scenario?

Accepted Answer

Acute myocardial infarction

Question 15

Which formula correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 16

If a patient has a stroke volume ($$SV) of 70 mL $$and a heart rate ($$HR) of 75 $$bpm, what is their cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 70 	imes 75 = 5250 mL/$$min

Question 17

Which hormone is released by the atria in response to increased blood volume and acts to decrease blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

ANP

Question 18

Ejection fraction ($$EF) is $$calculated using which formula?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} 	imes 100$$

Question 19

A patient has an end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) of 120 mL $$and a stroke volume ($$SV) of 60 mL. $$What is their ejection fraction ($$EF$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{60}{120} 	imes 100 = 50\%$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

Increased afterload decreases stroke volume

Study Guide: Heart Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology (Chapter 20)

Study Guide - Practice Questions