Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($E_{ion}$) for a given ion?

$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{out}}{[\text{ion}]_{in}} \right)$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They break down bone tissue to release minerals into the blood.

Question 2

A patient presents with brittle bones that fracture easily. Which bone disease is most likely responsible, and what is a key microscopic feature of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis; decreased bone density due to loss of trabeculae

Question 3

Which type of cartilage is most abundant in the human body and is found at the ends of long bones?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage

Question 4

During muscle contraction, which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate the process?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($\mathrm{Ca^{2+}}$)

Question 5

Which of the following best distinguishes cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells are branched and connected by intercalated discs.

Question 6

A person is unable to move their right arm after a stroke. Which brain region is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Left primary motor cortex of the cerebrum

Question 7

Which of the following correctly matches a division of the nervous system with its function?

Accepted Answer

Somatic division: controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

Question 8

Which structure is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses away from the neuron's cell body?

Accepted Answer

Axon

Question 9

A patient has difficulty maintaining balance and coordination. Which part of the brain is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 10

Which of the following best explains how the eye converts light into a neural signal?

Accepted Answer

Photoreceptor cells in the retina convert light energy into electrical impulses.

Question 11

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Optic nerve (CN II)

Question 12

A patient is unable to taste sweet or salty foods but can still detect sour and bitter flavors. Which cranial nerves are most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Facial nerve (CN VII) and glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($E_{ion}$) for a given ion?

Accepted Answer

$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{out}}{[	ext{ion}]_{in}} ight)$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the meninges in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They provide structural support and protect the brain and spinal cord.

Question 15

A person is exposed to a loud, sudden noise and their heart rate increases rapidly. Which division of the nervous system is primarily responsible for this response?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives, neurotransmitter is released, postsynaptic receptor binds neurotransmitter, ion channels open

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why damage to the parietal lobe can result in loss of sensation on one side of the body?

Accepted Answer

The parietal lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex, which processes sensory input from the opposite side of the body.

Question 18

A patient with Parkinson's disease has difficulty initiating voluntary movements. Which brain region is most affected in this disorder?

Accepted Answer

Basal ganglia

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs and is involuntary, while skeletal muscle is attached to bones and is voluntary.

Question 20

A person is unable to maintain balance when standing with their eyes closed. Which sensory system is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Vestibular system

Study Guide: Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, and Special Senses Systems

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