$$CO = 70 \times 80 = 5600 mL/$$min

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} \times 100$$

$$EF = \frac{60}{120} \times 100 = 50\%$$

Question 1

Which structure encloses the heart and provides protection, anchoring, and lubrication?

Accepted Answer

Pericardium

Question 2

A patient presents with chest pain and friction rub. Which condition is most likely responsible, and what is its primary cause?

Accepted Answer

Pericarditis caused by viral infection

Question 3

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for contraction and contains intercalated discs?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 4

What is the primary function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

To allow rapid electrical communication between cells

Question 5

Cardiac hypertrophy is most commonly caused by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Long-term hypertension

Question 6

Which sequence correctly describes the flow of blood through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 7

The S1 heart sound is primarily caused by:

Accepted Answer

Closure of the AV valves

Question 8

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A backward bulging of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole

Question 9

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is most commonly caused by:

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis leading to reduced blood flow

Question 10

Which blood test is most specific for diagnosing myocardial infarction (MI)?

Accepted Answer

Troponin I

Question 11

The conduction pathway of the heart begins at which structure?

Accepted Answer

SA node

Question 12

During the QRS complex of an ECG, which event occurs?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 13

Why are slow calcium channels important in cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

They prolong the action potential, preventing tetanus

Question 14

ST elevation on an ECG is most indicative of:

Accepted Answer

Acute myocardial infarction

Question 15

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 16

If a patient has a stroke volume ($$SV) of 70 mL $$and a heart rate ($$HR) of 80 $$bpm, what is their cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 70 	imes 80 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 17

Which hormone is released by the atria in response to increased blood volume and acts to decrease blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

ANP

Question 18

Ejection fraction ($$EF) is $$calculated using which formula?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} 	imes 100$$

Question 19

A patient has an end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) of 120 mL $$and a stroke volume ($$SV) of 60 mL. $$What is their ejection fraction ($$EF$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{60}{120} 	imes 100 = 50\%$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

It decreases stroke volume and cardiac output

Study Guide: The Heart (Chapter 20) – Structure, Function, and Clinical Aspects

Study Guide - Practice Questions