Q: Which of the following best describes the role of the Na\textsuperscript{+}/K\textsuperscript{+} pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

It actively transports Na\textsuperscript{+} out of the cell and K\textsuperscript{+} into the cell, maintaining a negative resting potential.

Q: Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na	extsuperscript{+}/K	extsuperscript{+} pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports Na	extsuperscript{+} out of the cell and K	extsuperscript{+} into the cell, maintaining a negative resting potential.

Question 2

A patient is given atropine, a muscarinic antagonist. Which physiological effect would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased salivation and increased heart rate

Question 3

Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting changes in blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Chemoreceptor

Question 4

During the absolute refractory period of an action potential, which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

No stimulus, regardless of strength, can trigger another action potential.

Question 5

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 6

A patient presents with loss of pain and temperature sensation in a specific dermatome. Which type of sensory receptor is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Nociceptor

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why action potentials only travel in one direction along an axon?

Accepted Answer

The refractory period prevents backward propagation of the action potential.

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response and uses both acetylcholine and noradrenaline.

Question 10

A patient is exposed to a sympathomimetic drug. Which of the following effects would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and dilated airways

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between EPSP and IPSP at the postsynaptic membrane?

Accepted Answer

EPSP increases the likelihood of an action potential, while IPSP decreases it.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct pathway for a sensory (ascending) tract in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

First order neuron in dorsal root ganglion \rightarrow second order neuron in dorsal horn \rightarrow third order neuron in thalamus

Question 13

Which type of neuron is most commonly found in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Multipolar neuron

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the effect of myelination on action potential conduction?

Accepted Answer

It allows action potentials to jump between nodes of Ranvier, increasing speed (saltatory conduction).

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the function of adrenergic receptors?

Accepted Answer

They bind noradrenaline (norepinephrine) to mediate sympathetic effects on target organs.

Question 16

A patient has a lesion affecting the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Which function is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Motor control of skeletal muscles

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of adaptation in sensory receptors?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged stimulation leads to decreased reaction to the stimulus.

Question 18

Which of the following drugs would be classified as a sympatholytic?

Accepted Answer

Beta-blocker

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the organization of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are short, and postganglionic neurons are long.

Study Notes: Neurological System – Anatomy & Physiology

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