Q: Which of the following is a correct formula for calculating the amount of solute excreted by the nephron?

$$\text{Excreted} = \text{Filtered} - \text{Reabsorbed} + \text{Secreted}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Production of digestive enzymes

Question 2

Filtration in the renal corpuscle involves substances passing through three barriers. Which barrier is responsible for repelling negatively charged proteins and red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capillary endothelium

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$P_{net} = P_{GC} - \pi_{GC} - P_{BC}$$

Question 4

A patient has a decreased resistance in the efferent arteriole of the nephron. What effect will this have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

GFR will increase

Question 5

Which cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect NaCl concentration in the filtrate and help regulate GFR?

Accepted Answer

Macula densa cells

Question 6

During secondary active transport in the proximal tubule, which ion is required for glucose reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+)$$

Question 7

Which hormone stimulates the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membrane of collecting duct cells, increasing water reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin (ADH)

Question 8

What is the primary stimulus for vasopressin secretion from the posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Plasma osmolarity

Question 9

Aldosterone acts on principal cells in the distal tubule to regulate which process?

Accepted Answer

Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

Accepted Answer

Renin raises blood pressure by initiating a cascade that increases aldosterone secretion

Question 11

Which organ is NOT directly involved in the synthesis of the biologically active form of vitamin D3?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas

Question 12

Which phase of digestion is primarily responsible for the secretion of gastric acid and pepsinogen?

Accepted Answer

Gastric phase

Question 13

Triglycerides are digested into monoglycerides and free fatty acids by which enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Lipases and colipases

Question 14

Which of the following statements about bile is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bile is made by hepatocytes and stored in the gallbladder

Question 15

Most absorbed nutrients from the small intestine are delivered first to which organ via the hepatic portal system?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Question 16

Which pressure opposes glomerular filtration by pulling fluid back into the plasma?

Accepted Answer

Capillary colloid osmotic pressure ($$\pi)$$

Question 17

Which process in the nephron is responsible for the active movement of molecules from the extracellular fluid into the nephron lumen?

Accepted Answer

Secretion

Question 18

Which hormone aids in calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct formula for calculating the amount of solute excreted by the nephron?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Excreted} = 	ext{Filtered} - 	ext{Reabsorbed} + 	ext{Secreted}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a consequence of increased secretion in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Increased excretion of solutes

Study Notes: Renal, Fluid & Electrolyte, and Digestive Physiology (Chapters 19, 20, 21)

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