Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($E$) of an ion across a membrane?

$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion outside}]}{[\text{ion inside}]} \right)$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They break down bone matrix, releasing minerals into the blood.

Question 2

A patient presents with a greenstick fracture. Which statement best describes this type of fracture?

Accepted Answer

The fracture is a partial break, common in children, where one side of the bone bends and cracks.

Question 3

Which hormone stimulates bone breakdown, increasing blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 4

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix responsible for hardness and resistance to compression?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 5

A 65-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which cellular activity is most likely increased relative to bone formation?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast activity

Question 6

Which structure is the functional unit of compact bone and contains a central canal with blood vessels and nerves?

Accepted Answer

Osteon (Haversian system)

Question 7

Which type of bone tissue is lightweight, contains red marrow, and is found at the ends of long bones?

Accepted Answer

Spongy bone (trabecular/cancellous)

Question 8

During endochondral ossification, which tissue is replaced by bone?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage

Question 9

Which bone marking is defined as a round or oval hole through a bone?

Accepted Answer

Foramen

Question 10

A patient suffers a fracture at the diaphysis of the femur. Which region of the bone is affected?

Accepted Answer

The shaft of the bone, primarily composed of compact bone

Question 11

Which suture separates the two parietal bones of the skull?

Accepted Answer

Sagittal suture

Question 12

Which bone forms the posterior part of the hard palate (roof of the mouth)?

Accepted Answer

Palatine bone

Question 13

Which cranial nerve passes through the cribriform plate?

Accepted Answer

CN I (olfactory nerve)

Question 14

A patient has a lesion affecting the superior orbital fissure. Which cranial nerves may be impacted?

Accepted Answer

CN III, IV, V1, VI

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($E$) of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion outside}]}{[	ext{ion inside}]} ight)$

Question 16

Which bone is described as a butterfly-shaped 'keystone' of the skull base and articulates with almost all other cranial bones?

Accepted Answer

Sphenoid bone

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the vertebral column?

Accepted Answer

It supports the skull and trunk weight, protects the spinal cord, and helps maintain upright posture.

Question 18

Which bone marking serves as a site for muscle attachment and is defined as a large, rough projection?

Accepted Answer

Trochanter

Question 19

A child is diagnosed with rickets, a disease affecting bone growth. Which nutritional deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Question 20

Which of the following best describes Wolff's Law?

Accepted Answer

Bone adapts to stress by strengthening in response to increased load and weakening when load is reduced.

Study Notes: The Skeletal System and Axial Skeleton (Anatomy & Physiology)

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