Q: If the stroke volume (SV) is 70 mL and the heart rate (HR) is 75 beats per minute, what is the cardiac output (CO)?

$$CO = 70 \times 75 = 5250\ \text{mL/min}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

They contain mechanical and electrical junctions that allow cardiac myocytes to contract as a unit.

Question 2

A patient presents with swelling in the lower extremities but clear lungs. Which of the following is the most likely explanation based on cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricular output is greater than right ventricular output.

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 4

During the cardiac cycle, what event immediately follows the opening of the aortic semilunar valve?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular ejection

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why veins have thinner walls and valves compared to arteries?

Accepted Answer

Veins operate under lower pressure and need valves to prevent backflow due to gravity.

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with hypovolemic shock after severe dehydration. Which of the following best describes the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Loss of blood volume resulting in decreased venous return

Question 7

Which of the following capillary types is most likely to be found in the liver and allows passage of large proteins and cells?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoids

Question 8

If the stroke volume (SV) is 70 mL and the heart rate (HR) is 75 beats per minute, what is the cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 70 	imes 75 = 5250\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electrical conduction through the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the SA node in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the pacemaker, initiating the heartbeat and setting the heart rate.

Question 11

A patient has a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg. What is their pulse pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$140 - 90 = 50\ 	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the pericardial fluid?

Accepted Answer

It reduces friction between the heart and surrounding structures during contraction.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricular wall is thicker than the right?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body, requiring greater pressure.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the action potential of ventricular contractile fibers?

Accepted Answer

The plateau phase is maintained by slow $$Ca^{2+}$$ influx and closed $$K^+$$ channels.

Question 15

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a major contributor to venous return?

Accepted Answer

High arterial pressure

Question 16

A patient experiences a brief episode of dizziness and loss of vision that resolves within an hour. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the AV valves?

Accepted Answer

They regulate the opening between the atria and ventricles and prevent backflow into the atria.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct formula for ejection fraction?

Accepted Answer

$$Ejection\ Fraction = \dfrac{SV}{EDV}$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the main function of capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They serve as exchange vessels for nutrients, gases, and wastes between blood and interstitial fluid.

Question 20

Which of the following would most likely increase peripheral resistance and thus blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased vessel length

The Cardiovascular System: Heart, Blood Vessels, and Hemodynamics

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