Q: Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output ($CO$) given a heart rate ($HR$) of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume ($SV$) of 65 mL/beat?

$CO = HR \times SV = 80 \text{ beats/min} \times 65 \text{ mL/beat} = 5200 \text{ mL/min}$

Q: A patient with bradycardia has a heart rate of 55 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 80 mL/beat. What is their cardiac output ($CO$)?

$CO = 55 \text{ beats/min} \times 80 \text{ mL/beat} = 4400 \text{ mL/min}$

Question 1

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a malfunctioning tricuspid valve. Which of the following best describes the location and function of this valve?

Accepted Answer

Between the right atrium and right ventricle; prevents backflow into the right atrium

Question 3

During the cardiac cycle, which event occurs immediately after the sinoatrial (SA) node initiates an impulse?

Accepted Answer

The impulse spreads to the atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output ($CO$) given a heart rate ($HR$) of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume ($SV$) of 65 mL/beat?

Accepted Answer

$CO = HR 	imes SV = 80 	ext{ beats/min} 	imes 65 	ext{ mL/beat} = 5200 	ext{ mL/min}$

Question 5

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 6

A blockage in the left coronary artery would most directly affect which part of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why veins have valves while arteries do not?

Accepted Answer

Veins operate under lower pressure and need valves to prevent backflow

Question 8

If a patient’s blood pressure is measured as 140/90 mm Hg, which value represents the pressure during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

140 mm Hg

Question 9

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and tissues in capillary beds?

Accepted Answer

Direct diffusion across plasma membranes

Question 10

A patient with bradycardia has a heart rate of 55 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 80 mL/beat. What is their cardiac output ($CO$)?

Accepted Answer

$CO = 55 	ext{ beats/min} 	imes 80 	ext{ mL/beat} = 4400 	ext{ mL/min}$

Question 11

Which of the following would most likely increase peripheral resistance ($PR$) and thus raise blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Narrowing of blood vessels

Question 12

Which fetal structure allows blood to bypass the lungs by shunting it directly from the right atrium to the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Foramen ovale

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the semilunar valves?

Accepted Answer

Prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles after contraction

Question 15

A patient is experiencing hypotension. Which of the following is most likely to be observed in their blood pressure readings?

Accepted Answer

Diastolic pressure below 75 mm Hg

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the hepatic portal circulation?

Accepted Answer

It drains digestive organs and carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver

Question 17

Which of the following arteries is the largest in the body and leaves the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Aorta

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the Starling’s law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of weakened venous valves as seen in aging?

Accepted Answer

Varicose veins

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the vena cava?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta

The Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Circulation

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