Question 1

Which of the following best explains why oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion?

Accepted Answer

They are small, non-polar, and lipid-soluble molecules.

Question 2

A patient receives an intravenous solution that is hypotonic compared to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the cells, causing them to swell and possibly burst.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of osmolarity ($Osm$) for a solution containing $n$ moles of solute particles in $V$ liters of solution?

Accepted Answer

$Osm = \frac{n}{V}$

Question 4

Which type of membrane protein is primarily responsible for catalyzing chemical reactions at the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme proteins

Question 5

The Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase pump is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Which of the following best describes its function?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 Na$^+$ ions out of the cell and 2 K$^+$ ions into the cell against their concentration gradients using ATP.

Question 6

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of most ATP in eukaryotic cells, and what process does it use?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; aerobic cellular respiration

Question 7

During facilitated diffusion, which of the following is true about the movement of glucose across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Glucose moves down its concentration gradient via a specific carrier protein without using ATP.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 9

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell and why?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing it to shrink due to osmosis.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in a typical animal cell?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 11

Which process is responsible for the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 12

Which of the following best describes secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

It uses the energy from one molecule moving down its concentration gradient to transport another molecule against its gradient.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins for cellular use

Question 14

Which type of stem cell can give rise to all cell types in the body, including extraembryonic tissues?

Accepted Answer

Totipotent stem cell

Question 15

Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes and is responsible for digesting cellular debris and pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 16

A mutation occurs in the gene coding for a channel protein in the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Impaired movement of specific ions across the membrane, affecting cell signaling.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of microtubules in cell division?

Accepted Answer

They form the mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes during mitosis.

Question 18

Which process involves the engulfment of large particles, such as bacteria, by a cell using pseudopods?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genes and chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes.

Question 20

A cell is actively secreting insulin into the bloodstream. Which process is responsible for this secretion?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

The Cellular Level of Organization: Structure and Function of Cells

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