Question 1

Which of the following best describes a hydrocarbon as presented in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

An organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, forming chains and rings.

Question 2

Which process links two monomers together to form a polymer, and what is the chemical change involved?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis; a molecule of water is removed.

Question 3

A patient is unable to break down lactose due to a deficiency in the enzyme lactase. Which type of carbohydrate is lactose, and what reaction is required for its breakdown?

Accepted Answer

Lactose is a disaccharide; hydrolysis reaction is required for breakdown.

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct molecular formula for glucose, the primary source of fuel for most cells?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 5

Which statement best explains why phospholipids are essential for cell membrane structure?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids are amphiphilic, with a polar phosphate head and nonpolar fatty acid tails.

Question 6

A diet high in which type of fatty acid is most strongly associated with increased risk of heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids

Question 7

Which of the following correctly matches the protein structure level with its description?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary structure: final 3-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between R groups.

Question 8

Which of the following is a consequence of protein denaturation in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Proteins lose their functional shape and cannot perform their biological roles.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A carboxylic acid group

Question 10

Which base pairing occurs in DNA, and how many hydrogen bonds stabilize each pair?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds); Guanine pairs with Cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds)

Question 11

Which of the following statements about ATP is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP is synthesized from adenosine diphosphate and a phosphate group, requiring energy from glucose catabolism.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct description of a polysaccharide?

Accepted Answer

A long, branching chain of monosaccharide units used for energy storage.

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

They help maintain structural integrity and enable cells to recognize and communicate with one another.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the structure of a steroid?

Accepted Answer

A molecule with a four-ring carbon structure.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct example of a monomer and its corresponding polymer?

Accepted Answer

Nucleotide (monomer) and nucleic acid (polymer)

Question 17

A patient is found to have a genetic mutation affecting the sequence of nucleotides in a gene. What is the most direct consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Altered amino acid sequence in the protein encoded by that gene.

Question 18

Which of the following is a property of unsaturated fatty acids that distinguishes them from saturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature due to the presence of one or more double bonds.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why humans must continually replenish ATP supplies?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis releases energy for cellular work, and its synthesis requires oxygen and energy from fuel catabolism.

The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds in Anatomy & Physiology

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